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What the sources say

Water BuffaloBubalus bubalis

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Water Buffalo profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 41 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Minervino et al. 2020

Minervino et al. (2020). Bubalus bubalis: A Short Story. Frontiers in Veterinary Science.

The page saysA farm giant that can reach 1,000 kg and wallows in mud to cool off.
The source saysRiver buffaloes are usually larger than swamp buffaloes and weigh between 450 and 1,000 kg.Note: tagline; wallow claim below
The page saysThe river buffalo usually weighs between 450 and 1,000 kg.
The source saysRiver buffaloes are usually larger than swamp buffaloes and weigh between 450 and 1,000 kg.
The page saysThe swamp buffalo is smaller and normally weighs 325 to 450 kg.
The source saysSwamp buffaloes are smaller and lighter than river buffaloes and normally weigh between 325 and 450 kg.
The page sayscomprises two subspecies, the river buffalo and the swamp buffalo
The source sayscomprises two subspecies: the river buffalo ( B. bubalis bubalis ) and the swamp buffalo ( B. bubalis kerebau )
The page saysBuffaloes can surpass 30 years of age.
The source saysthey can surpass 30 years of age
The page saysand keep their reproductive capacity until they are 18 to 25 years old
The source sayswhile maintaining their reproductive capacity until they are 18–25 years old
The page saysThe wild Asian water buffalo, a separate species, is considered the most probable ancestor of both.
The source saysThe wild Asian buffalo is considered the most probable ancestor of the water buffalo
The page saysa separate species
The source sayswild Asian buffalo ( Bubalus arnee )Note: different binomial from B. bubalis
The page saysThey were domesticated 3,000 to 7,000 years ago, which is recent next to cattle at about 10,000 years.
The source saysCompared with Bos taurus (10,000 BP), the buffalo domestication occurred recently, ~3,000–7,000 years BP.
The page saysA 2020 review puts the best estimate at 208,098,759 buffalo head in 77 countries on five continents.
The source saysThe best estimate is that 208,098,759 buffalo head are distributed in 77 countries in five continents.Note: 2020 is the reference year of the review (Minervino et al. 2020)
The page saysRiver buffalo are mostly found in India, Pakistan and parts of Europe and the Americas.
The source saysMost breeds have curled horns and are mainly found in India, Pakistan, and some European, western Asian, and American countries.
The page saysSwamp buffalo are common in Southeast Asia and Australia.
The source saysSwamp buffaloes are predominant in Southeast Asia and Australia
The page saysHot, wet floodplains and farms
The source saysWater buffaloes are highly adapted to hot and wet floodplainsNote: stats.habitat
The page saysA water buffalo has relatively lower heat tolerance than other livestock, owing to its dark coat and inadequately dispersed sweat glands.
The source saysrelatively lower heat tolerance than other livestock species owing to their dark coat color and their inadequately dispersed sweat glands, which result in a less efficient evaporative cooling systemNote: superpower
The page saysThose two traits result in a less efficient evaporative cooling system.
The source sayswhich result in a less efficient evaporative cooling system
The page saysIt has a high capacity to convert feed of poor nutritional value.
The source saysThe buffalo has a higher capacity to convert feed with poor nutritional value
The page saysIn Asia it is used as a draft animal, a working animal, owing to its strength.
The source saysThe water buffalo is used as a draft animal in Asia, owing to its strength
The page sayson Marajó Island, Brazil, people ride it
The source saysit is also used as a riding animal on Marajó Island, Brazil
The page saysSeveral countries farm it mainly for its meat and its high-fat milk.
The source saysis farmed in several countries worldwide, mainly for its good quality meat (which has better nutritional composition compared to that of cattle) and its high-fat milk
The page saysThe water buffalo is also called the Asian buffalo, to prevent confusion with the American bison, which is wrongly named buffalo in North America.
The source saysalso known as water buffalo or Asian buffalo to prevent confusion with the American bison ( Bison bison ), wrongly named buffalo in North America
The page saysSwamp buffaloes, reared mainly for draft work, can still give up to 600 kg of milk a year.
The source saysSwamp buffaloes are reared mainly for draft purposes; however, they can also yield high amounts of milk (up to 600 kg of milk per year)
The page saysThe Nili-Ravi, the most important dairy buffalo breed in Asia, has a milk yield reaching 3,050 kg.
The source saysNili-Ravi is the most important dairy buffalo breed in Asia and is selected for this purpose, with its milk yield reaching 3,050 kg
The page saysWallows in mud to cool off, with sweat glands that are poorly spread
The source saysinadequately dispersed sweat glands, which result in a less efficient evaporative cooling systemNote: stats.superpower
The page saysNot Evaluated
The source saysThe domestic buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis )Note: stats.conservationStatus: domestic animal, no Red List assessment found in the source pack
The page saysa river buffalo can weigh 1,000 kg
The source saysweigh between 450 and 1,000 kgNote: vibe.reason

Source
02

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysAcross the species, the body is 240 to 300 cm long, with a tail of 60 to 100 cm.
The source sayshas a body length of 240 to 300 cm and a tail length of 60 to 100 cmNote: ADW gives it for Bubalus bubalis as a whole, not for one subspecies
The page saysMostly grass, plus herbs, aquatic plants, leaves and crops
The source saysis a ruminant and is predominately a grazer on grasses. It also eats herbs, aquatic plants, leaves, agricultural cropsNote: stats.diet
The page saysIt is predominately a grazer on grasses, but also eats herbs, aquatic plants, leaves and farm crops.
The source saysis a ruminant and is predominately a grazer on grasses. It also eats herbs, aquatic plants, leaves, agricultural crops
The page saysIt is known for wallowing in mud.
The source saysThus, water buffalo are known for wallowing in mud.
The page saysIn the hotter parts of the day it rests in dense cover or sinks into water with only its nostrils and eyes showing.
The source saysDuring hotter parts of the day, they rest in patches of dense cover, wallow in mud holes, or completely submerge themselves in water with only their nostrils and eyes exposed.
The page saysWater in mud evaporates more slowly than plain water, which extends the cooling.
The source sayswater in mud evaporates more slowly than just water alone, thus extending the period of cooling
The page saysThe mud coat also protects the animal from biting insects.
The source saysWallowing also serves to cake the animal with mud, which protects it from biting insects.
The page saysBoth sexes bear horns that are heavy set at the base and ribbed
The source saysHorns of both sexes are heavy set at the base, ribbed, and are triangular in cross-section.
The page saysThe horns are triangular in cross-section
The source saysHorns of both sexes are heavy set at the base, ribbed, and are triangular in cross-section.
The page saysRiver buffalo have tightly curled horns, while the swamp buffalo's are swept back and out, and it is more ashy gray, with a drooping neck.
The source saysSwamp buffalo (a variety of B. bubalis under domestication) are more ashy gray in color, has a drooping neck, and horns that are swept back and out, whereas river buffalo (the other domesticated variety) are more black and have tightly curled horns
The page saysThe gestation period is 300 to 340 days.
The source saysRange gestation period 300 to 340 daysNote: FAQ
The page saysA cow usually has one calf, though twins happen.
The source saysFemales usually have one calf, but they may have twins.
The page saysthe calf is born at 35 to 40 kg
The source saysCalves are born weighing 35 to 40 kg
The page saysIt cools off by wallowing in mud, which evaporates more slowly than plain water
The source saysknown for wallowing in mudNote: vibe.reason
The page saysdangerLevel: High
The source saysCharging may occur as a means of defense, or as an aggressive display of dominance, as seen in mate competition.Note: task #1110: High is "dangerous when cornered or provoked"; a 325 to 1,000 kg horned animal that charges in defence. Minervino 2020's "docile" describes handled herds and does not contradict a defensive charge
The page saysdangerLevel: High
The source saysBefore independence, females also protect their calves and can be aggressive.

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.