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What the sources say

Tufted CapuchinSapajus apella

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Tufted Capuchin profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 45 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Primate Info Net, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center

Tufted capuchin. Primate Info Net, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center.

The page sayssmashes fruit its jaws cannot crack, or opens it with a piece of branch
The source saysthe husks of which it cannot open in its teeth or jaws. It opens fruits by smashing them on tree surfaces or by using baton-like branch pieces to open the fruitNote: tagline
The page saysForests of South America, with the heart of its range in the Amazon basin, mostly in the understory and lower to middle canopy
The source saysThe heart of the range of the tufted capuchin is the northwestern half of Brazil and the Amazon basin.Note: stats.habitat
The page saysForests of South America, with the heart of its range in the Amazon basin, mostly in the understory and lower to middle canopy
The source saysWithin different forest types, the monkeys typically remain within the understory and lower and middle canopyNote: stats.habitat
The page saysFruit, nuts, palm pith, insects and vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and birds
The source saysthe tufted capuchin diet contains fruits, insects, leaves, nectar, nuts, and pithNote: stats.diet
The page saysFruit, nuts, palm pith, insects and vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and birds
The source saysAnimal prey of the tufted capuchin includes a large variety of insects in addition to vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and birdsNote: stats.diet
The page saysOpens otherwise inaccessible fruit by smashing it on tree surfaces or using baton-like pieces of branch
The source saysto open up otherwise inaccessible fruits ... It opens fruits by smashing them on tree surfaces or by using baton-like branch pieces to open the fruitNote: stats.superpower
The page saysSome fruits have husks a tufted capuchin cannot open with its teeth or jaws.
The source saysto open up otherwise inaccessible fruits, the husks of which it cannot open in its teeth or jaws
The page saysWild ones smash those fruits against tree surfaces or work them open with baton-like pieces of branch.
The source saysIt opens fruits by smashing them on tree surfaces or by using baton-like branch pieces to open the fruit
The page saysYoung capuchins have been seen copying adults, though they often fail.
The source saysImmature tufted capuchins have been observed attempting to mimic the behavior of adults but they often fail
The page saysWild males average 3.65 kg and females 2.52 kg.
The source saysmales averaging 3.650 kg (8.05 lb) and females averaging 2.520 kg (5.56 lb)
The page saysBody length (head and body) is 444 mm in males and 390 mm in females, with a tail about as long as the rest of the body.
The source saysHead and body length is 444 mm (17.48 in) for males and 390 mm (15.35 in) for females. The tail is about as long as the rest of the body
The page saysTufted capuchins are omnivores: they eat both plants and animals.
The source saysThe omnivorous tufted capuchin is able to exploit a wide range of food resources
The page saysThe diet includes fruit, nuts, leaves, nectar and insects, plus frogs, lizards and birds.
The source saysthe tufted capuchin diet contains fruits, insects, leaves, nectar, nuts, and pith
The page saysplus frogs, lizards and birds
The source saysAnimal prey of the tufted capuchin includes a large variety of insects in addition to vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and birds
The page saysIn the dry season, when food is often scarce, it relies on palm nuts and pith, the soft core of a palm.
The source saysIn the dry season, when food is often scarce, the tufted capuchin relies on palm nuts and pith for nourishment
The page saysAt one Amazon site the diet was 82 percent plants and 18 percent animal matter
The source saysElsewhere in Amazonia, the diet of the tufted capuchin was 82% plants and 18% animal matter.
The page saysa typical day splits into 12 percent rest, 21 percent travel and 66 percent feeding
The source saysthe diurnal tufted capuchin will divide its time into 12% rest, 21% travel and 66% feeding
The page saysThe species lives in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana and Venezuela
The source saysin the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guiana, and VenezuelaNote: source spells Guiana; Guyana is the country
The page sayswith the heart of its range in northwestern Brazil and the Amazon basin
The source saysThe heart of the range of the tufted capuchin is the northwestern half of Brazil and the Amazon basin.
The page saysIt stays mostly in the understory and the lower and middle canopy.
The source saysWithin different forest types, the monkeys typically remain within the understory and lower and middle canopy
The page saysTroops often number in the teens or low twenties, led by an alpha male
The source saysTufted capuchin groups are often small, numbering in the teens or lower twenties with only one to several adult males
The page saysled by an alpha male
The source saysThe alpha male dictates group movement and activity patterns
The page saysthe harpy eagle is the main predator
The source saysThe main predator of the tufted capuchin is the harpy eagle
The page saysMales in the wild average about 3.65 kg and females about 2.52 kg.
The source saysmales averaging 3.650 kg (8.05 lb) and females averaging 2.520 kg (5.56 lb)
The page saysCaptive animals can be heavier, with one extreme example averaging 6.089 kg for males.
The source saysmales averaging 6.089 kg (13.42 lb)
The page saysThe Wisconsin factsheet says a captive male lived to at least 45.
The source saysa tufted capuchin male lived until he was at least 45 years old
The page saysThey eat animals as well as plants. Prey includes insects, frogs, lizards and birds
The source saysAnimal prey of the tufted capuchin includes a large variety of insects in addition to vertebrates such as frogs, lizards and birds
The page saysone was seen killing and eating an infant titi monkey
The source saysthe tufted capuchin is a confirmed predator of titi monkeys ( Callicebus moloch ) having been observed killing and consuming an infant
The page saysThe harpy eagle is the main predator and has been seen attacking capuchins in several places.
The source saysThe main predator of the tufted capuchin is the harpy eagle ( Harpia harpyja ), which has been seen attacking capuchins in several locales
The page saysAt one Amazon site, plants made up 82 percent of the diet.
The source saysElsewhere in Amazonia, the diet of the tufted capuchin was 82% plants and 18% animal matter.
The page saysWild tufted capuchins open tough fruit by smashing it on tree surfaces or using baton-like pieces of branch
The source saysIt opens fruits by smashing them on tree surfaces or by using baton-like branch pieces to open the fruitNote: vibe.reason

Source
02

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Cebus apella (brown capuchin). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysA stocky Amazon monkey
The source saysThis species is robust and stocky.Note: tagline
The page saysA deep lower jaw and large jaw muscles suit a diet of large fruits and rough vegetation.
The source saysBrown capuchin monkeys have a deep lower jaw and large jaw muscles to accomodate a diet of large fruits and rough vegetation.

Source
03

Human Ageing Genomic Resources, AnAge

AnAge entry for Sapajus apella. Human Ageing Genomic Resources, AnAge.

The page saysThe longevity database AnAge puts the species' maximum at 46 years in captivity, from one animal that was about that age when it died.
The source saysMaximum longevity 46 years (captivity)
The page saysfrom one animal that was about that age when it died
The source saysOne specimen was about 46 years old when it died in captivity
The page sayslists 46 years in captivity for the species, based on one animal that was about that age when it died
The source saysMaximum longevity 46 years (captivity)
The page saysweightKg: 2.643
The source saysAdult weight 2,643 gNote: typical adult mass

Source
04

The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago, University of the West Indies

Cebus apella (Tufted Capuchin). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago, University of the West Indies.

The page saysCapuchins wash their hands and feet in urine and spread the scent over their fur, and by that odor they can tell members of other groups from their own.
The source saysWashing their hands and feet in urine as well as cover their fur with the urine scent is a common attribute of the capuchins. Due to the distinct odor from urine-washing; capuchins can differentiate between members of other groups and others of their own speciesNote: source scope is 'the capuchins'; 'by that odor they can tell' paraphrases 'Due to the distinct odor ... can differentiate'

Source
05

Laird et al. 2020

Laird et al. (2020). Muscle architecture dynamics modulate performance of the superficial anterior temporalis muscle during chewing in capuchins. Scientific Reports.

The page saysIn a study of three adult female captive tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella)
The source saysthree adult (ages 7–11 years) female Sapajus apella housed in the Animal Resources Center at the University of Chicago
The page saysX-ray video of a chewing muscle
The source saysUsing bi-planar videoradiography and the X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM) workflow, dynamic muscle architecture data can be collected while animals feed unrestrained.Note: video of X-rays = videoradiography
The page sayson tougher foods, such as popcorn seeds and cashews, the muscle's fibers rotated less as they shortened, a setup that favors more force
The source sayslower gear ratios (low muscle velocity relative to fascicle velocity) were observed when animals chewed on more mechanically resistant foods. At lower gear ratios, fibers rotated less during shortening resulting in smaller pinnation angles, a configuration that favors increased force production.
The page sayspopcorn seeds and cashews
The source saysthe mechanically challenging foods—popcorn seeds and cashews

Source
06

Lynch Alfaro et al. 2011

Lynch Alfaro et al. (2011). Explosive Pleistocene range expansion leads to widespread Amazonian sympatry between robust and gracile capuchin monkeys. Journal of Biogeography.

The page saysGenetic work points to an explosive expansion in the late Pleistocene, when the robust capuchins, the group called Sapajus, spread from the Atlantic Forest into the Amazon.
The source saysthe current wide-ranging sympatry of Cebus and Sapajus across much of the Amazon Basin was the result of a single explosive late Pleistocene invasion of Sapajus from the Atlantic Forest into the Amazon

Source
07

Boubli et al. 2021

Boubli et al. (2021). Sapajus apella. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T172351505A192594550.

The page saysThe IUCN rates the species Least Concern.
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: GBIF's copy of the Red List, taxon id 172351505 matches the assessment DOI
The page saysLeast Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: stats.conservationStatus

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.