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What the sources say

Great Torpedo RayTetronarce nobiliana

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Great Torpedo Ray profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 41 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Florida Museum of Natural History

Atlantic Torpedo. Florida Museum of Natural History.

The page says170-to-220-volt shocks from a honeycomb of barely visible electric organs
The source saysgiving the skin a honeycomb-like appearance ... delivering a powerful electric shock of 170-220 volts from the electric organs
The page saysbarely visible electric organs
The source saysKidney-shaped electric organs on either side of its head are barely visible in the pectoral fins
The page saysjaws that stretch to swallow surprisingly big fish
The source saysThis ray can distend its jaws allowing it to swallow fishes larger than thought possible based on the width of the mouth when closed.
The page saysTwin kidney-shaped electric organs that fire 170 to 220 volts
The source saysKidney-shaped electric organs on either side of its head are barely visible in the pectoral fins ... jolt ranging from 170-220 volts
The page saysenough to stun or kill a fish and, from a large adult, to disable a person.
The source saysA large adult Atlantic torpedo can deliver a painful and stunning electric charge strong enough to disable a person ... produce a charge that will stun or kill a fish before the torpedo eats it
The page saysSoft seabeds and coral reefs as a juvenile, the water column as an adult, across the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean down to 800 meters
The source saysThe range of this torpedo in the eastern Atlantic region is from Scotland south to Morocco including the Mediterranean Sea but absent in the Black Sea ... Adults are semi-pelagic to pelagic living in the water column at 7-2,625 feet (2-800 m) depths. Juveniles are benthic and live over soft bottom and coral reef habitats.
The page saysLarge bottom-dwelling and open-water fish, including sharks, dogfish, flounder and mullet
The source saysfeeds primarily on large benthic and pelagic fish including sharks, dogfish, flounder, and mullet
The page saysTwo kidney-shaped electric organs sit inside the pectoral fins on either side of its head
The source saysKidney-shaped electric organs on either side of its head are barely visible in the pectoral fins
The page saysgiving the skin a honeycomb-like appearance
The source saysgiving the skin a honeycomb-like appearance
The page saysThey deliver a shock of 170 to 220 volts.
The source saysdelivering a powerful electric shock of 170-220 volts from the electric organs
The page saysA large adult's shock is strong enough to disable a person
The source saysA large adult Atlantic torpedo can deliver a painful and stunning electric charge strong enough to disable a person.Note: body; with the next claim, what stats.dangerLevel: High rests on (Extreme to High in #277). The page's 'Danger to Humans' section puts the threat to life in becoming disoriented underwater, and calls cardiac arrest extremely unlikely: a disabling shock, not 'Severe injury likely on contact'
The page saysthough it is extremely unlikely to stop a human heart
The source saysit is extremely unlikely that the electric charge could lead to cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation in humans
The page saysThe maximum reported length of an Atlantic torpedo ray is 180 cm (70.9 in), and the maximum published weight is 90 kg (198 lb).
The source saysThe maximum reported size of the Atlantic torpedo is 70.9 inches (180 cm) total length with a maximum published weight of 198 pounds (90.0 kg).
The page saysThey are usually 0.6 to 1.5 m long and seem heavy for their size.
The source saysSpecimens are usually 2-5 feet (0.6-1.5 m) in length and seem heavy for their size.
The page saysIt prefers soft seabeds or coral reefs, where it can ambush prey.
The source saysThis migratory ray prefers soft bottoms or coral reefs where it can ambush prey
The page saysIt wraps a fish in its pectoral fins and shocks it, which stuns or kills the fish before the torpedo eats it.
The source saysIt catches and envelops fish with its pectoral fins, delivering a powerful electric shock ... produce a charge that will stun or kill a fish before the torpedo eats itNote: also what the predator tag rests on (#277). It replaces apex-predator ('no natural predators as adults'): the same page says 'This ray has few natural predators' and sharks 'seldom confront electric rays', and few is not none
The page saysIts jaws can distend, or stretch wide, letting it swallow fish bigger than its closed mouth makes seem possible.
The source saysThis ray can distend its jaws allowing it to swallow fishes larger than thought possible based on the width of the mouth when closed.
The page saysIt eats mostly large bottom-dwelling and open-water fish, including sharks, dogfish, flounder and mullet.
The source saysfeeds primarily on large benthic and pelagic fish including sharks, dogfish, flounder, and mullet
The page saysThis ray lives in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, from Scotland south to Morocco, though not in the Black Sea.
The source saysThe range of this torpedo in the eastern Atlantic region is from Scotland south to Morocco including the Mediterranean Sea but absent in the Black Sea.
The page saysIt also lives from Mauritania to the Gulf of Guinea, and from Namibia to South Africa.
The source saysIt also lives from Cap Blanc in Mauritania to the Gulf of Guinea, São Tomé Island, Walvis Bay, and Namibia to Mossel Bay in South Africa.
The page saysAdults live up in the water column, from 2 to 800 meters deep. Juveniles live on the bottom, over soft seabeds and coral reefs. The species is reported to migrate long distances.
The source saysAdults are semi-pelagic to pelagic living in the water column at 7-2,625 feet (2-800 m) depths. Juveniles are benthic and live over soft bottom and coral reef habitats. This species reportedly migrates over long distances.
The page saysIt has few natural predators due to its electric power and large size. Sharks and other large meat-eating fish seldom take on electric rays.
The source saysThis ray has few natural predators due to its formidable electric capabilities and large size. Predators such as sharks and other large carnivorous fishes seldom confront electric rays.
The page saysIn ancient Greek and Roman times, its shock was used to treat gout (a painful joint disease), headaches and other illnesses.
The source saysIn Roman and Greek ancient times, the electrical shock of the Atlantic torpedo was used to treat gout, headache, and other maladies.
The page saysA torpedo ray is ovoviviparous, which means its babies grow inside the mother's body. They feed first on yolk, then on a rich fluid called uterine "milk" enriched with mucus, fat and protein.
The source saysThe reproductive mode of this ray is ovoviviparous with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine “milk” that is enriched with mucus, fat and protein.
The page saysPregnancy is thought to last about a year.
The source saysit is thought that the gestation period is approximately a year in length
The page saysA female can give birth to as many as 60 pups, each about 20 cm (8 in) long.
The source saysEach female releases up to 60 young at what is believe to be an offshore location. The young are about 8 inches (20 cm) in length at birth.
The page saysA large adult Atlantic torpedo ray can deliver a jolt of 170 to 220 volts, strong enough to disable a person.
The source saysA large adult Atlantic torpedo can deliver a painful and stunning electric charge strong enough to disable a person. The primary threat to life is becoming disoriented underwater after receiving the jolt ranging from 170-220 volts.
The page saysThe main threat to life is becoming disoriented underwater after being shocked. It is extremely unlikely the charge could stop a human heart.
The source saysThe primary threat to life is becoming disoriented underwater after receiving the jolt ranging from 170-220 volts. However, it is extremely unlikely that the electric charge could lead to cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation in humans.
The page saysIn ancient Greek and Roman times, people used the electrical shock of the Atlantic torpedo to treat gout, headaches and other ailments.
The source saysIn Roman and Greek ancient times, the electrical shock of the Atlantic torpedo was used to treat gout, headache, and other maladies.
The page saysa 170-to-220-volt jolt
The source saysreceiving the jolt ranging from 170-220 voltsNote: vibe.reason (#277)

Source
02

Bennett, Wurzel & Grundfest 1961

Bennett, Wurzel & Grundfest (1961). The Electrophysiology of Electric Organs of Marine Electric Fishes. The Journal of General Physiology.

The page saysScientists studied the organs in rays brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in the summers of 1958 and 1959.
The source saysFour specimens of T. nobiliana were brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in each of the summers of 1958 and 1959. ... Each of the fish lived for 3 to 4 weeks in captivity, although they had all refused food and were subjected several times to biopsy for removing parts of the electric organ.
The page saysTheir paper describes each organ as 500 to 1,000 columns of flat cells called electroplaques, stacked one above the other.
The source saysThe wafer-like electroplaques have large surfaces ... stacked like a roll of coins one above the other in a column ... between 500 and 1000 columns in each bilateral organ
The page saysflat cells called electroplaques
The source saysThese properties are also found in Torpedo electroplaques. Special anatomical features such as the large size of the cells
The page saysThe voltages of the cells in one column add together, which scientists call series summation, like batteries wired in a row.
The source saysSeries summation of potentials from electroplaques of the same column is illustrated
The page saysThe maximum peak power the team recorded was about 600 watts per organ.
The source saysThe maximum peak power observed was about 600 watts per organ.
The page saysEach column of electroplaques runs the full thickness of the fish, and the Woods Hole study says the thickest columns probably hold more than 1,000 cells.
The source saysstacked like a roll of coins one above the other in a column which occupies the full thickness of the fish. There are probably more than 1000 ... electroplaques in the thickest columns
The page saysA study of torpedo rays brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1958 and 1959 describes each electric organ as 500 to 1,000 columns of flat cells called electroplaques, stacked like a roll of coins.
The source saysThe wafer-like electroplaques have large surfaces ... stacked like a roll of coins one above the other in a column ... between 500 and 1000 columns in each bilateral organ ... Four specimens of T. nobiliana were brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole in each of the summers of 1958 and 1959.
The page saysThe voltages of the cells in one column add together, which scientists call series summation, the way batteries do when wired in a row.
The source saysSeries summation of potentials from electroplaques of the same column is illustrated
The page sayselectric organs stack their cells like a roll of coins
The source saysstacked like a roll of coins one above the other in a columnNote: vibe.reason, settled in #277: replaces 'electrifying distortion shocks, and unstoppable rave energy', which named no mechanism
The page saysadd them together
The source saysSeries summation of potentials from electroplaques of the same column is illustratedNote: vibe.reason (#277)

Source
03

Finucci et al. 2021

Finucci et al. (2021). Tetronarce nobiliana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T116861529A116861706.

The page saysThe IUCN Red List rates the Atlantic torpedo as a species of Least Concern.
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.