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What the sources say

Strawberry Poison-Dart FrogOophaga pumilio

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 43 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Animal Diversity Web

Oophaga pumilio. Animal Diversity Web.

The page saysMostly ants, with mites a significant part
The source saysconsume mostly ants but mites also make up a significant portion of their diet.Note: stats.diet
The page saysThe frog eats mostly ants, and mites make up a significant part of its diet.
The source saysconsume mostly ants but mites also make up a significant portion of their diet.
The page saysAfter the eggs hatch, a mother carries each tadpole to a watery hollow in the plants.
The source saysWhen the eggs hatch after 10 to 14 days, the female transports tadpoles from one to four at a time to a watery hollow in the vegetation (often a water-filled bromeliad). One tadpole is deposited in each location
The page saysThe typical frog is bright red with blue legs, but the back can also be blue, yellow, white, green, black or orange.
The source saysThey are typically bright red with blue legs although they vary greatly in coloration ... the dorsal coloration can vary in color from red to blue, yellow, white, green, black or orange.Note: dorsal = back
The page saysAt La Selva Biological Station, studies found males defending territories of 0.24 to 4.78 square metres.
The source saysAt the Organization for Tropical Studies at La Selva Biological Station, studies have shown that male D. pumilio defend a territory of 0.24 to 4.78 m squared
The page saysIt typically lives in rainforest and also in cacao groves.
The source saystypically live in rainforest habitats and also live in cacao and banana groves, but not banana plantations.
The page saysIt starts changing into a frog once it reaches 11 mm, and the change takes 6 to 8 weeks. Tadpoles can reach 16 mm in length.
The source saysTadpoles begin metamorphosis after growing to 11 mm in length, and the process takes 6 to 8 weeks to complete.Note: 16 mm has its own claim below
The page saysTadpoles can reach 16 mm in length.
The source saysThey can reach 16 mm in length.
The page saysA clutch of 3 to 5 eggs, laid in moist leaf litter. To keep the clutch damp, the male urinates on the eggs every day.
The source saysfemales lay a clutch of 3 to 5 fertilized eggs in moist leaf litter ... To ensure the clutch is moist, a male will urinate on the eggs on a daily basis.Note: 'every day' paraphrases 'on a daily basis'
The page saysAdults are 17 to 24 mm long
The source saysThey are small frogs measuring 17 to 24 mm in length at adulthoodNote: adult scope for the Nordens Ark length
The page saysdangerLevel: Low
The source saysThere is no negative impact to humans from Dendrbates pumilio .Note: ADW's typo of Dendrobates is in the source

Source
02

Nordens Ark

Strawberry Poison Dart Frog. Nordens Ark.

The page saysA 2-gram rainforest frog in warning colors, whose poison appears to come from the ants and mites it eats.
The source saysThe frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators.Note: tagline; the 2 grams, the poison from diet and the ants and mites each have their own claim
The page saysA 2-gram
The source saysVikt: 2 gramNote: Swedish: weight 2 grams. Tagline.
The page saysadvertised in bright color
The source saysThe frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators.Note: stats.superpower
The page saysunfertilized eggs
The source saysThere, the tadpoles are fed with unfertilized eggs until they develop into frogs.
The page saysAdults are 17 to 24 mm long and weigh about 2 grams.
The source saysVikt: 2 gram Längd: 17-24 mmNote: Swedish: weight 2 grams, length 17-24 mm
The page saysThe bright colors work as a warning to predators.
The source saysThe frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators.
The page saysMales call to mark a territory. If another male answers and approaches, they often wrestle, and a match can last up to 20 minutes.
The source saysThey call to mark their territory, and if another male responds and approaches, it often results in a wrestling match that can last up to 20 minutes.
The page saysThese frogs are active by day and usually stay close to the forest floor.
The source saysThis species is active during the day and usually stays close to the forest floor.
The page saysThey are mostly solitary, and gather to breed.
The source saysWhile mostly solitary, they gather to breed.
The page saysA strawberry poison-dart frog weighs about 2 grams
The source saysVikt: 2 gram Längd: 17-24 mmNote: vibe.reason; Swedish: weight 2 grams, length 17-24 mm
The page saysits bright colors work as a warning to predators
The source saysThe frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators.Note: vibe.reason
The page saysweightKg: 0.002
The source saysVikt: 2 gramNote: Swedish: weight 2 grams

Source
03

Stynoski et al. 2014

Stynoski et al. (2014). Evidence of maternal provisioning of alkaloid-based chemical defenses in the strawberry poison frog Oophaga pumilio. Ecology.

The page saysShe then returns for about six weeks to feed it unfertilized eggs.
The source saysmothers transport tadpoles to phytotelmata, and then return to supply them with an obligate diet of nutritive eggs for about six weeksNote: nutritive eggs are unfertilized per Nordens Ark: the tadpoles are fed with unfertilized eggs
The page saysThose eggs hold traces of alkaloids
The source saysalkaloids were detected as trace quantities in nutritive eggs
The page saysthe researchers suggest this frog may be the first animal known to actively provision its offspring after hatching with chemical defenses
The source sayssuggesting that this frog may be the first animal known to actively provision post-hatch offspring with chemical defensesNote: 'suggest' matches 'suggesting'; 'after hatching' paraphrases 'post-hatch'

Source
04

Saporito et al. 2007

Saporito et al. (2007). Oribatid mites as a major dietary source for alkaloids in poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The page sayswhose poison appears to come from the ants and mites it eats
The source saysAlkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and almost all of these alkaloids appear to be sequestered from dietary arthropods.Note: tagline; ants and mites in the diet are claimed separately
The page saysThe chemicals are called alkaloids, and they sit in glands in the frog's skin.
The source saysAlkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation
The page saysOribatid mites collected in Costa Rica and Panama held about 80 alkaloids, and 41 of them also occur in this frog.
The source saysapproximately 80 alkaloids from extracts of oribatid mites collected throughout Costa Rica and Panama ... Forty-one of these alkaloids also occur in the dendrobatid poison frog, Oophaga pumilioNote: 41 is the quote's 'Forty-one'

Source
05

Saporito et al. 2004

Saporito et al. (2004). Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The page saysFormicine ants of two genera carry pumiliotoxins, which are major alkaloids in this frog, and those ants turned up in the stomach contents of the frogs.
The source sayspumiliotoxins in formicine ants of the genera Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina, as well as the presence of these ants in the stomach contents of the microsympatric pumiliotoxin-containing dendrobatid frog, Dendrobates pumilio. These pumiliotoxins are major alkaloids in D. pumilioNote: Dendrobates pumilio is the former name of Oophaga pumilio; the two genera are Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina
The page saysAnts are a source too.
The source saysBrachymyrmex and Paratrechina ants now represent the only known dietary sources of these toxic alkaloidsNote: the pumiliotoxins; 'only known' was true in 2004, and mites were later shown to carry pumiliotoxins too (saporito-2007), so the page says only that ants are a source

Source
06

Hovey et al. 2018

Hovey et al. (2018). Sequestered Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio Provide Variable Protection from Microbial Pathogens. Journal of Chemical Ecology.

The page saysPoison collected from its diet
The source saysMost amphibians produce their own defensive chemicals; however, poison frogs sequester their alkaloid-based defenses from dietary arthropods.Note: stats.superpower
The page saysMost amphibians make their own defensive chemicals. Poison frogs collect theirs from what they eat.
The source saysMost amphibians produce their own defensive chemicals; however, poison frogs sequester their alkaloid-based defenses from dietary arthropods.
The page saysThe strawberry poison-dart frog, Oophaga pumilio, is one of them.
The source saysSequestered Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilioNote: the paper's title: its alkaloids are sequestered

Source
07

Dreher, Cummings & Pröhl 2015

Dreher, Cummings & Pröhl (2015). An Analysis of Predator Selection to Affect Aposematic Coloration in a Poison Frog Species. PLOS ONE.

The page saysThe species has more than 15 distinct color morphs, mostly separated by geography.
The source saysskin coloration and patterning is highly diverse among populations, comprising more than 15 distinct, mostly geographically separated, color morphs
The page saysMost of them live on the islands and nearby mainland of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago in Panama.
The source saysMost color morphs are located at the islands and adjacent mainland of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago in Panama

Source
08

Maan & Cummings 2008

Maan & Cummings (2008). Female preferences for aposematic signal components in a polymorphic poison frog. Evolution.

The page saysIn tests across several populations, the results pointed to a male's back color as the most important factor in what females preferred.
The source saysWe studied female preferences for different components of aposematic coloration in the polymorphic poison frog Oophaga pumilio across several phenotypically distinct populations. ... Results indicate that male dorsal color is the most important determiner of female preferences.
The page saysColor matters to the frogs too.
The source saysResults indicate that male dorsal color is the most important determiner of female preferences.Note: lead-in to the next sentence

Source
09

Rogers et al.

Rogers et al.. Genomic takeover by transposable elements in the Strawberry poison frog. Molecular Biology and Evolution.

The page saysLowland forests on the Caribbean side of Central America, from Nicaragua to Panama
The source saysThis small, terrestrial frog is found in lowland forests along the Caribbean side of Central America from Nicaragua to Panama.Note: stats.habitat
The page saysThe frog is found in lowland forests along the Caribbean side of Central America, from Nicaragua to Panama.
The source saysThis small, terrestrial frog is found in lowland forests along the Caribbean side of Central America from Nicaragua to Panama.

Source
10

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015

Oophaga pumilio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T55196A3025630.

The page saysLeast Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: stats.conservationStatus; assessed 2014, category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List
The page saysThe IUCN Red List rates it Least Concern.
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List
The page saysThe IUCN Red List lists it as Least Concern, in an assessment published in 2015.
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: 2015 is the publication year in the assessment's DOI and title

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.