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What the sources say

Red-Eyed Tree FrogAgalychnis callidryas

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Red-Eyed Tree Frog profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 49 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Manjunath 2022

Manjunath (2022). Agalychnis callidryas. Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysSouthern Mexico, Central America and northern South America are home to the red-eyed tree frog
The source saysAgalychnis callidryas is found in the neotropical regions of southern Mexico, across Central America, as well as the northern regions of South America.
The page saysIt lives mostly in humid rainforest close to ponds and other small bodies of fresh water
The source saysPrimarily found in humid environments with abundant access to water (i.e. rainforests), red-eyed tree frogs are found close to ponds and other small bodies of fresh water.
The page saysa permanent body of water is essential for it to breed
The source saysThe presence of a permanent body of water is essential for the frog’s reproductive needs.
The page saysGrasshoppers are on the menu too
The source saysInsects that the A. callidryas likes to eat include flies ( Diptera ), grasshoppers ( Caelifera ), and mosquitoes ( Culicidae ).
The page saysMales croak to attract females, and rival males fight one another for a chance to mate
The source saysMales tend to fight one another to have a chance at mating with a female. The croaking noise produced by the male is what helps get the attention of the female frog.
The page saysHumid lowland rainforest near ponds and other small bodies of fresh water
The source saysPrimarily found in humid environments with abundant access to water (i.e. rainforests), red-eyed tree frogs are found close to ponds and other small bodies of fresh water.Note: 'lowland': NatGeo, 'found in tropical lowlands'.
The page saysIts predators change as it grows
The source saysDepending on the stage of life that an A. callidryas is in, the predators it faces will vary.
The page saysWasps and snakes take the eggs
The source saysAs an embryo, the frog faces predation from several types of polybid wasps and snakes.
The page saysshrimp and large fish take the tadpoles
The source saysAs a tadpole, A. callidryas can be predated on by shrimp and large fish in their environments.
The page saysaquatic spiders, snakes, birds and bats can prey on froglets and adults
The source saysAs a froglet and adult frog, A. callidryas can be predated on by aquatic spiders, snakes, birds, and bats.
The page saysskin peptides that Animal Diversity Web says help repel predators
The source saysThe skin of these red-eyed tree frogs contains several different poisonous, biologically active peptides that serve to repel predators.

Source
02

Henry Vilas Zoo

Red-Eye Leaf Frog. Henry Vilas Zoo.

The page saysmales measure about 5 centimeters and females 5 to 8
The source saysSize: Male: 2 inches (5 cm) / female: 2 – 3 inches (5 – 8 cm)Note: Current institution page preferred over ADW's older 4 to 7 cm (fact-check.md, check the date); NatGeo gives 1.5 to 2.75 in.
The page saysit weighs 5 to 14 grams
The source saysWeight: .2 – .5 ounces (5 – 14 g)Note: Current institution page preferred over ADW's older 6 to 15 g.
The page saysRed-eyed tree frogs feed mainly at night
The source saysThis species of the tree frog is carnivorous and feeds mainly at night.
The page saysand sometimes smaller frogs
The source saysTheir diet consists mostly of crickets, moths, flies, and sometimes smaller frogs.
The page saysFemales typically lay their eggs under leaves hanging over water
The source saysThe eggs are typically laid under leaves hanging over bodies of water.
The page saysCrickets, moths, flies, grasshoppers, and sometimes smaller frogs
The source saysTheir diet consists mostly of crickets, moths, flies, and sometimes smaller frogs.Note: Grasshoppers: ADW, claimed in the body.

Source
03

National Geographic

Red-Eyed Tree Frog. National Geographic.

The page saysIn the wild it lives about five years on average
The source saysAverage Life Span In The Wild : 5 yearsNote: Henry Vilas Zoo agrees: 'Life Span: 4 – 5 years'.
The page saysBy day the frog sleeps stuck to the underside of a leaf, eyes closed and its bright markings covered
The source saysThese iconic rain-forest amphibians sleep by day stuck to leaf-bottoms with their eyes closed and body markings covered.
The page saysWhen disturbed, it flashes its bulging red eyes and reveals its huge, webbed orange feet and blue-and-yellow flanks
The source saysWhen disturbed, they flash their bulging red eyes and reveal their huge, webbed orange feet and bright blue-and-yellow flanks.
The page saysThis is called startle coloration, and it may give a bird or snake pause, an instant in which the frog can spring to safety
The source saysThis technique, called startle coloration, may give a bird or snake pause, offering a precious instant for the frog to spring to safety.
The page saysMany of the animals that eat these frogs are nocturnal hunters with keen eyesight
The source saysMany of the animals that eat red-eyed tree frogs are nocturnal hunters that use keen eyesight to find prey.
The page saysthe shocking colors may overstimulate a predator's eyes, leaving a confusing ghost image behind as the frog jumps away
The source saysThe shocking colors of this frog may over-stimulate a predator's eyes, creating a confusing ghost image that remains behind as the frog jumps away.
The page saysDespite its bright colors the frog carries no venom
The source saysRed-eyed tree frogs, despite their conspicuous coloration, are not venomous.
The page sayshiding in the rainforest canopy to ambush crickets, flies and moths with a long, sticky tongue
The source saysNocturnal carnivores, they hide in the rain forest canopy and ambush crickets, flies, and moths with their long, sticky tongues.
The page saysA neon-green rainforest sleeper whose flash of scarlet eyes and bright flanks may give a predator pause long enough to escape
The source saysWhen disturbed, they flash their bulging red eyes and reveal their huge, webbed orange feet and bright blue-and-yellow flanks. This technique, called startle coloration, may give a bird or snake pause, offering a precious instant for the frog to spring to safety.Note: 'neon-green bodies' and 'vivid scarlet peepers' are on the same page.
The page saysfrom southern Mexico through Central America into northern South America
The source saysThey are found in tropical lowlands from southern Mexico, throughout Central America, and in northern South America.
The page saysStartle coloration: flashing bulging red eyes, huge orange feet, and blue-and-yellow flanks, which may give a bird or snake pause long enough for the frog to escape
The source saysWhen disturbed, they flash their bulging red eyes and reveal their huge, webbed orange feet and bright blue-and-yellow flanks. This technique, called startle coloration, may give a bird or snake pause, offering a precious instant for the frog to spring to safety.
The page saysAgainst them it has its startle display when disturbed
The source saysWhen disturbed, they flash their bulging red eyes and reveal their huge, webbed orange feet and bright blue-and-yellow flanks.

Source
04

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020

Agalychnis callidryas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T55290A3028059.

The page saysThe IUCN Red List rates the species Least Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: Category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List (2020 assessment), since iucnredlist.org refuses scripts. Henry Vilas Zoo also: 'classified as least concern'.

Source
05

Warkentin 2000

Warkentin (2000). Wasp predation and wasp-induced hatching of red-eyed treefrog eggs. Animal Behaviour.

The page saysThe response fits the threat
The source saysEmbryos of A. callidryas thus respond appropriately to graded variation in mortality risks.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page sayswhole clutches hatch when a snake, which eats entire clutches, attacks, while a wasp, which takes single eggs, makes individual embryos hatch
The source saysIndividual embryos hatch in response to wasps, which take single eggs, whereas whole clutches hatch in response to snakes, which consume entire clutches.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysHatchlings fall into the water
The source saysHatching tadpoles fall into the water, where they face aquatic predators.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysin a Panama study most embryos that hatched during wasp attacks escaped
The source saysEmbryos attacked by wasps hatched as much as a third younger than the peak undisturbed hatching age, and most hatching embryos escaped.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract. Study site: 'at a natural breeding site in Panama', same abstract.

Source
06

Güell & Warkentin 2018

Güell & Warkentin (2018). When and where to hatch? Red-eyed treefrog embryos use light cues in two contexts. PeerJ.

The page saysLeft undisturbed, the embryos often stay in the egg for five to seven days
The source saysIn contrast, undisturbed embryos often remain in the egg for 5–7 dNote: Full text read. Replaces ADW's 4 to 6 days: this is the newer, primary figure from the lab that studies the species' hatching.
The page saysa predator attack or flooding can make them hatch rapidly, from as early as three or four days old
The source saysEmbryos exposed to predator attack, flooding, fungal infection, or dehydration can hatch rapidly to escape, starting as early as 3 or 4 days of age
The page saysIn an attack the cue is vibration; in a flood it is lack of oxygen
The source sayshatch rapidly and prematurely in response to vibrational cues in egg-predator attacks and hypoxia if flooded

Source
07

Salica, Vonesh & Warkentin 2017

Salica, Vonesh & Warkentin (2017). Egg clutch dehydration induces early hatching in red-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas. PeerJ.

The page saysThe eggs are laid on plants over water
The source saysRed-eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, lay eggs on plants over water.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysWater supplied by the mother lets shaded eggs in humid spots develop to hatching without rain, but eggs in the sun or in drier spots can die of dehydration
The source saysMaternally provided water allows shaded eggs in humid sites to develop to hatching without rainfall, but unshaded eggs and those in less humid sites can die from dehydration.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysIn a Panama study, clutches kept dry hatched about 11% earlier than clutches kept wet
The source saysEmbryos hatched earlier from dry clutches than from wet clutches, accelerating hatching by ∼11%.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract. Site: 'a pond in Gamboa, Panama', same abstract.
The page saysbut their mortality was six times higher
The source saysmortality in dry clutches was six-fold higher than in control clutchesNote: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.

Source
08

Mignogna et al. 1997

Mignogna et al. (1997). Tachykinins and Other Biologically Active Peptides From the Skin of the Costa Rican Phyllomedusid Frog Agalychnis callidryas.

The page saysa 1997 analysis of skin extract found members of five peptide families, among them tachykinins and opioid peptides
The source saysPeptides present in a methanol extract prepared from skin of the Costa Rican frog Agalychnis callidryas of the Phyllomedusinae subfamily were studied by sequence analysis and pharmacological tests. Members of five different peptide families-tachykinins, bradykinins, caerulein, opioid peptides and sauvagine-were found.Note: 1997 is the paper's publication year. 'chemistry set' is framing for the peptide list, not a claim of defence function; ADW's repel-predators line is kept only as an attributed statement in FAQ 1.

Source
09

Caldwell et al. 2010

Caldwell et al. (2010). Vibrational Signaling in the Agonistic Interactions of Red-Eyed Treefrogs. Current Biology.

The page saysMales also have a shaking display called tremulation. Playback experiments with a robotic model frog and an electrodynamic shaker showed that the vibrations it sends through the plant are a signal, enough on their own to set off tremulation in reply
The source saysIn playback experiments using a robotic model frog and an electrodynamic shaker, we demonstrate that plant-borne vibrations generated by the shaking (tremulation) display of male red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) are a vibrational signal, necessary and sufficient to elicit tremulations in response.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysIn contests between males, tremulation was the most frequent aggressive display
The source saysIn male-male contests, tremulations were the most frequent aggressive displayNote: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysA buoyant, bouncing rhythm for a frog whose males shake their plant in a tremulation display, sending vibrations that alone set a rival shaking back.
The source saysplant-borne vibrations generated by the shaking (tremulation) display of male red-eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas) are a vibrational signal, necessary and sufficient to elicit tremulations in response.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only, as the body claim on the same sentence.

Source
10

Clark et al. 2022

Clark et al. (2022). Genetic isolation by distance underlies colour pattern divergence in red‐eyed treefrogs (Agalychnis callidryas). Molecular Ecology.

The page saysAlong Costa Rica's Pacific coast, the frog's leg color shifts from orange in the north to purple in the south
The source saysAlong the Pacific coast, red‐eyed treefrogs have conspicuous leg colour patterning that transitions from orange in the north to purple in the south.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract. Costa Rica: 'red‐eyed treefrogs ( Agalychnis callidryas ) in Costa Rica', same abstract.
The page saysseveral color-pattern forms turn up together in the zone where it changes
The source saysAt the transition zone, we discovered the co‐occurrence of multiple colour‐pattern morphs.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysA genetic study found no evidence that this mix came from recent interbreeding
The source saysWe found no evidence that colour‐pattern polymorphism in the transition zone arose through recent hybridization.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.
The page saysThe frogs' genes instead showed a strong pattern of isolation by distance, and the authors concluded the color variation was either kept through older processes, such as ancestral color variety or ancient contact between populations, or produced by new mutations
The source saysInstead, a strong pattern of genetic isolation by distance indicates that colour‐pattern variation was either retained through other processes such as ancestral colour polymorphisms or ancient secondary contact, or else it was generated by novel mutations.Note: Hand check: source is abstract-only. Confirmed present verbatim in the abstract.

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.