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What the sources say

KoiCyprinus rubrofuscus

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Koi profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 53 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Bogutskaya & Huckstorf 2022

Bogutskaya & Huckstorf (2022). Cyprinus rubrofuscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T166052A159637283.

The page saysLeast Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: Assessment is of the wild species Cyprinus rubrofuscus (IUCN taxon 166052), not of the domestic koi varieties; category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List.
The page saysThat rating describes the wild fish, not the pond varieties.
The source saysCyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepède, 1803, IUCN taxon 166052Note: The assessment is of the species Cyprinus rubrofuscus; SDZWA calls koi ornamental varieties of domesticated common carp.
The page sayswhich FishBase and the Red List treat as a wild species
The source saysCyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepède, 1803, IUCN taxon 166052

Source
02

Fife-Cook & Franks 2021

Fife-Cook & Franks (2021). Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) Seek Out Tactile Interaction with Humans: General Patterns and Individual Differences. Animals.

The page saysin one study, sought out a human hand
The source sayskoi spent more time than expected in close proximity to the human and even sought out physical contact
The page saysIn one study, sought out a human hand for touch even after a full meal
The source saysThe koi showed interest in pursuing physical interaction even after feeding to satiation
The page saysA 2021 study names them Cyprinus rubrofuscus
The source saysKoi ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) Seek Out Tactile Interaction with Humans: General Patterns and Individual Differences Fife-Cook Isabel 1 Franks Becca 1 * Irvine Leslie Academic Editor 1 1 Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] 5 3 2021Note: 2021 is the paper's publication year (MDPI Animals 2021, 11, 706). The Red List assessment is of Cyprinus rubrofuscus, see the IUCN status claim.
The page saysa researcher offered a submerged hand to seven adult koi
The source saysthe fish were regularly provided with the opportunity to engage with the researcher’s submerged hand
The page sayseach between 40 and 60 centimeters long
The source saysBessie M 40–45 cm ... Gabriel M 55–60 cmNote: Table 1 lists the seven adult koi from 40-45 cm (Bessie) to 55-60 cm (Dominick, Gabriel).
The page sayswithout forcing contact
The source saysbut were not forced to interact with the researcher
The page saysat an aquaponics learning center in Brooklyn
The source saysaquaponics learning center located in Brooklyn, NY
The page saysThe koi spent more time than expected within reach of the researcher
The source sayskoi spent more time than expected within reach of the researcher
The page saysthey started the touching themselves by mouthing, brushing and bumping the hand
The source saysinitiated by the fish (mouthing, brushing, bumping, etc.)
The page saysSome did this often and others rarely.
The source sayswith some frequently engaging in tactile interaction and others only periodically or rarely doing so
The page saysThe koi stayed interested even after being fed to satiation (full), which the authors say suggests the interest may not be about food.
The source saysThe koi showed interest in pursuing physical interaction even after feeding to satiation, suggesting that they may be motivated to seek physical interaction for reasons unrelated to food seeking behavior
The page saysthe fish chose to stay near a researcher's submerged hand
The source sayskoi spent more time than expected within reach of the researcher during both T1 ( p < 0.02) and T2 ( p < 0.03)
The page saysHow often they did so varied a lot from fish to fish.
The source saysindividual fish displayed unique interaction patterns, with some frequently engaging in tactile interaction and others only periodically or rarely doing so
The page saysseven adult koi
The source saysseven adult and two juvenile koi
The page saystouched it of their own accord
The source saysinitiated by the fish (mouthing, brushing, bumping, etc.)
The page saysa Brooklyn aquaponics center
The source saysaquaponics learning center located in Brooklyn, NY
The page sayswhose name one koi study uses
The source saysKoi ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) Seek Out Tactile Interaction with Humans
The page saysIn a study published in 2021
The source says© 2021 by the authors.

Source
03

San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance

Koi (Cyprinus carpio). San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance.

The page saysA pet carp bred into over 100 colour varieties
The source saysThere are over 100 varieties of koi
The page saysOutdoor ponds and water gardens
The source saystheir true value is in outdoor ponds and water gardens
The page saysMostly plant foods such as rice and corn, plus live shrimp and their own young
The source saysThey are mostly vegetarians—rice and corn are among koi's favorite foods—but they will also eat live shrimp and even their own young
The page saysKoi are ornamental varieties of domesticated common carp, first bred in Japan.
The source saysKoi are ornamental varieties of domesticated common carp that originated in Japan.
The page saysWithout a good filtration system in their pond, koi would poison themselves, as they excrete ammonia.
The source saysWithout a good filtration system in their pond, koi would poison themselves, as they excrete ammonia.
The page saysKeepers put them in outdoor ponds with very clean, oxygenated water and plenty of shade.
The source saysThey are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor ponds with very clean, oxygenated water and plenty of shade
The page saysThe shade matters: koi can get sunburned.
The source saysplenty of shade (the fish are susceptible to sunburn!)
The page saysChinese farmers raised carp in rice paddies for food in the 1600s, and the practice spread to Japan.
The source saysIn the 1600s, Chinese farmed carp in rice paddies as a food source, a practice that traveled to Japan.
The page saysThere, people spotted odd colors in some of the carp and bred them.
The source saysThe Japanese noticed odd color variations in some of the carp and bred them.
The page saysToday there are over 100 koi varieties, in red, white, black, yellow, brown, gray and green, and many combinations of those.
The source saysThere are over 100 varieties of koi, which can be red, white, black, yellow, brown, gray, and green, and many combinations thereof.
The page saysKoi eat mostly plants, with rice and corn among their favorite foods.
The source saysThey are mostly vegetarians—rice and corn are among koi's favorite foods
The page saysThey will also eat live shrimp and even their own young, called fry, before the little fish's colors come in.
The source saysthey will also eat live shrimp and even their own young, called "fry," before the little fish's coloration comes in
The page saysThe San Diego Zoo files them under Cyprinus carpio, the common carp.
The source saysKoi are ornamental varieties of domesticated common carp
The page saysFor koi, the zoo gives a maximum length of about 3 feet (91 centimeters)
The source saysLength: About 3 feet (91 centimeters) maximumNote: Maximum length, for koi as filed under Cyprinus carpio by the zoo.
The page saysan average weight of about 35 pounds (16 kilograms)
The source saysWeight: About 35 pounds (16 kilograms), on average
The page sayskoi typically live 25 to 35 years if cared for properly
The source saysTypically 25 to 35 years if cared for properly
The page saysKoi, by contrast, are kept as pets on 6 out of 7 continents, the zoo says.
The source saysToday, they are kept as pets on 6 out of 7 continents.
The page saysthe zoo says koi are not endangered
The source saysThey are not endangered.
The page sayskoi can be taught to eat from a person's hand
The source saysKoi can be taught to eat from a person's hand.
The page saysUsually 25 to 35 years with good care, according to the San Diego Zoo.
The source saysTypically 25 to 35 years if cared for properly
The page saysTheir own waste can kill them.
The source sayskoi would poison themselves, as they excrete ammonia
The page saysbred from odd colour variations
The source saysThe Japanese noticed odd color variations in some of the carp and bred them.Note: vibe.reason (#1238)
The page saysinto over 100 varieties in red, white, black, yellow, brown, gray and green
The source saysThere are over 100 varieties of koi, which can be red, white, black, yellow, brown, gray, and green, and many combinations thereof.Note: vibe.reason (#1238)
The page saysweightKg: 16
The source saysWeight: About 35 pounds (16 kilograms), on averageNote: battleStats.weightKg, typical adult (#1165)

Source
04

FishBase

Cyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepède, 1803. FishBase.

The page saysthe wild species lives in Laos, Viet Nam and China
The source saysAsia: Laos, Viet Nam and China
The page saysFishBase lists a maximum length of 28 centimeters (standard length)
The source saysMax length : 28.0 cm SL male/unsexedNote: Wild Cyprinus rubrofuscus; SL is standard length.
The page saysplaces the species in Asia: Laos, Viet Nam and China, from the Amur to Red River drainages
The source saysAsia: Laos, Viet Nam and China (Ref. 43281 ). Amur to Red River drainages
The page saysThe Red List rates the wild species Least Concern, assessed in 2020
The source saysLeast Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 20 March 2020
The page saysas Least Concern, assessed on 20 March 2020
The source saysLeast Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 20 March 2020
The page saysthe wild carp of Laos, Viet Nam and China
The source saysAsia: Laos, Viet Nam and China
The page saysdangerLevel: Low
The source saysThreat to humans HarmlessNote: stats.dangerLevel (#1165); FishBase page is the wild species

Source
05

AnAge: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database, Build 15, Human Ageing Genomic Resources

AnAge entry for Cyprinus carpio. AnAge: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database, Build 15, Human Ageing Genomic Resources.

The page saysAnAge lists a maximum longevity of 47 years in captivity
The source saysMaximum longevity 47 years (captivity)Note: Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, not koi specifically.

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.