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Japanese MacaqueMacaca fuscata

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Japanese Macaque profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 66 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Primate Info Net, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Japanese macaque. Primate Info Net, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

The page saysThe world's northernmost wild monkey
The source saysthe species nevertheless represents the northernmost wild populations of non-human primates in the world
The page saysalso called the snow monkey
The source saysJapanese macaque, Japanese monkey, Snow monkey
The page sayslives farther north than any other wild non-human primate on Earth
The source saysthe species nevertheless represents the northernmost wild populations of non-human primates in the world
The page saysranging across Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu up to the Shimokita Peninsula at Honshu's northern tip
The source saysOf the four main Japanese islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japanese macaques are found on all but Hokkaido ... The absolute northernmost Japanese macaque populations are found at the northern tip of the island of Honshu on the Shimokita peninsula
The page saysMales average 11.3 kg and about 57 cm in body length; females run smaller, at 8.4 kg and 52 cm
The source saysThe average body weight of the Japanese monkey is 11.3 kg (24.91 lb) (M) and 8.4 kg (18.52 lb) (F) ... Average body length for males is 570.1 mm (22.44 in) and for females is 522.8 mm (20.58 in)Note: 570.1 mm and 522.8 mm rounded to 57 cm and 52 cm; the factsheet's header calls this 'Height' but its text says body length
The page saysrecorded eating more than 213 plant species
The source sayswill eat a great variety of foods including over 213 species of plant
The page saysplus insects, fungi, eggs, and soil
The source saysOther main foods eaten include insects and soil
The page saysMountain hawk-eagles and feral dogs have been recorded preying on them
The source saysJapanese macaques are preyed upon by several species including feral dogs and Mountain Hawk Eagles
The page saysraccoon dogs may too, especially on infants
The source saysraccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ) may be a predator of the Japanese macaques, especially infants (Iwamoto 1974)
The page saysin 1998 alone, people killed more than 10,000 of them
The source saysThe annual kill surpassed 10,000 individuals annually in 1998 (Watanabe & Muroyama 2005)
The page saysSeveral provisioned macaques have also been observed washing sand off sweet potatoes in water
The source saysSeveral provisioned Japanese macaques have been observed washing sand off sweet potatoes in water and passing this behavior on to others
The page saysa habit that spread among a number of individuals within a troop and was described as "pre-cultural."
The source saysThis behavior is described as being pre-cultural, having been picked up and spread among a number of individuals within a troop (Kawai 1965)
The page saysMacaques in wild and feral groups have been known to build snowballs and repeatedly handle stones in stereotyped ways, and to pass these behaviors on to others
The source saysMacaques in both wild and feral groups have also been known to construct snowballs, repetitively and stereotypically manipulate stones, and to transmit these behaviors to other individuals (Eaton 1972; Huffman & Quiatt 1986)
The page saysOne study put the average lifespan of wild females at just 6.3 years
The source saysActual average lifespan, however, is significantly shorter; with wild females living for an average of just 6.3 years (Takahata et al. 1998)
The page saysmacaques are killed in Japan when their crop-raiding and run-ins with people become a problem, and the annual kill passed 10,000 in 1998, around a tenth of the estimated population
The source saysJapanese macaques are also killed in Japan when their crop-raiding and interactions with humans become a problem. The annual kill surpassed 10,000 individuals annually in 1998 (Watanabe & Muroyama 2005). This is significant because this annual kill represents around a tenth of the entire estimated population
The page saysFar shorter than the record ages suggest.
The source saysActual average lifespan, however, is significantly shorter

Source
02

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaque). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysIn the wild, the oldest known male reached 28 and the oldest known female 32
The source saysIn the wild, the oldest known male Japanese macaque was 28 years of age. The oldest known female was 32 years of age.
The page saysJapanese macaques are generalist omnivores
The source saysJapanese macaques are generalist omnivores, and their diets change seasonally
The page saysfungi
The source saysJapanese macaques also opportunistically eat fungi
The page sayseggs
The source saysAnimal Foods eggs insects
The page saysmostly fruit in summer and autumn
The source saysDuring the summer, especially June and between September and November, they mostly eat fruits
The page saysmostly flowers and some nectar in April and May
The source saysDuring April and May and from December to March, Japanese macaques eat mostly flowers and some nectar
The page saysa macaque that spots a predator gives a hollering call to warn the group
The source saysWhen a predator is spotted, individuals make a hollering vocalization to warm others in the groupNote: source's own typo: 'warm' for 'warn'
The page saysHumans are their most lethal predator
The source saysThe most lethal predator of Japanese macaques is humans
The page saysFemales stay in their birth troop while males leave as they mature
The source saysFemales do not leave their natal group, whereas males leave the troop as they mature
The page saysdaughters inherit their mother's rank
The source saysJapanese macaques are nepotistic, meaning daughters inherit the rank of their mother
The page saysSubtropical to subalpine forests on Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and a few smaller Japanese islands
The source saysinhabit subtropical or subalpine deciduous, broadleaf, and evergreen forests. They are found on three southern main islands of Japan: Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, as well as a few smaller islands
The page saysfrom cool deciduous broadleaf forest in the north to evergreen broadleaf in the south; seen as high as 3,180 m
The source saysIn the northern part of their range, they inhabit cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests ... In the southern part of their native range, Japanese macaques live in evergreen broadleaf forests ... Although they have been spotted at elevations as high as 3180 m
The page saysGeneralist omnivore: fruit, seeds, flowers, nectar, leaves, bark, fungi, eggs, and insects, shifting with the seasons
The source saysAnimal Foods eggs insects Plant Foods leaves roots and tubers wood, bark, or stems seeds, grains, and nuts fruit nectar flowers Other Foods fungus
The page saysBecause Japanese macaques are nepotistic: daughters inherit the rank of their mother, so a low-ranking mother's daughter starts low too
The source saysJapanese macaques are nepotistic, meaning daughters inherit the rank of their mother
The page sayshigh-ranking individuals get to food first and low-ranking females usually eat less nutritious food
The source saysHigh ranking individuals have access to food first, and thus low ranking females usually eat less nutritious food
The page saysdangerLevel: Medium
The source saysNegative Impacts injures humansNote: ADW's negative-impacts list; no source reports serious injury, so Medium not High

Source
03

Hori et al. 1977

Hori et al. (1977). Thermoregulation of the Japanese macaque living in a snowy mountain area. The Japanese Journal of Physiology.

The page saysmeeting -20°C mountain winters
The source saysDuring the winter the monkeys are exposed to temperatures as low as-20•Ž
The page sayswith long fur
The source saysThe hairs from both areas are significantly longer in HV monkeys than those in indoorliving monkeys
The page sayshuddles
The source saysHuddling is frequently observed on the windy and snowy days
The page saysin one valley, a hot-spring soak that may help keep it warm
The source saysSitting in a hot spring also seems to show thermoregulatory behavior
The page saystemperatures down to -20°C
The source saysDuring the winter the monkeys are exposed to temperatures as low as-20•Ž
The page saysusually piles two to three meters deep
The source saysit is usually 2-3m deep
The page saysstudied adult males from a provisioned troop at Jigoku-Dani
The source saysNine male adult monkeys of one troop(Shiga A-troop),consisting of 87 monkeys living in Jigoku-Dani(Hell Valley)(about 1,000m)were used in the present study.Since 1963,this troop has been given provisions throughout the year
The page saysheld a steady rectal temperature of 38.3°C to 39.6°C at air temperatures from -1.4°C to 28.3°C, with no increase in metabolic rate in the cold
The source saysTre were maintained within the range of 38.3-39.6•Ž at Ta of-1.4-28.3•Ž,in spite of no increase in metabolic rate in the cold
The page saysTheir hair was significantly longer than that of monkeys living indoors
The source saysThe hair on the back and abdomen in the HV monkeys was significantly longer than that of Inuyama monkeys living indoors
The page saysthe researchers suggested thick fur may account for their responses to the cold
The source saysIt is suggested that the thick fur of HV monkeys may account for, if not all, the thermoregulatory responses of the Japanese macaque in snowy mountain areas
The page saysAn earlier study shows what the coat is worth: macaques with clipped coats needed to raise their metabolic rate by 53% at 5°C and 100% at 25°C to keep their body temperature steady
The source saysJapanese macaques whose coats were clipped all over the body needed to increase their metabolic rate by 100% at Ta of 25•Ž and 53% at Ta of 5•Ž to maintain homeothermy,as compared with unclipped monkeys(TOKURA et al.,1976)
The page saysOn windy, snowy days the monkeys often huddle
The source saysHuddling is frequently observed on the windy and snowy days
The page sayswhen resting in snow they flex both limbs against the belly, cutting heat loss from the sparsely furred chest, abdomen, and groin
The source saysin snow they prefer to take a peculiar posture when resting,both limbs are flexed and are compressed firmly on the ventral side of the body,thereby reducing the heat loss from the chest,abdomen and groin areas where the fur is sparser than that on the back
The page sayssome macaques sit in a hot spring measured at 38 to 41°C
The source saysSitting in a hot spring also seems to show thermoregulatory behavior.The water temperature in the pond was 38-41•Ž
The page sayscalled it a likely thermoregulatory behavior
The source saysSitting in a hot spring also seems to show thermoregulatory behavior
The page saysnoting from limited observations that how many sat in it, and for how long, seemed to track the weather
The source saysAccording to our limited observations during the short stay there,the number of animals sitting in the spring and the staying time in spring seems to be related to the weather conditions
The page saysin the snow season, low-calorie bark and winter buds when food is extremely limited
The source saysIn the snow season,the availability of food is extremely limited, qualitatively and quantitatively.The wild monkey depends on the barks of broad-leaf trees and winter buds of deciduous trees which have low caloric value
The page saysHolds its body temperature steady in the cold with no rise in metabolic rate
The source saysno significant change in metabolic rate was observed at T a between-1.4 and 28.3°C, while the rectal temperature was maintained at normal level
The page saysapparently thanks largely to thick fur
The source saysthe type of cold acclimatization in the HV monkey does not seem to be a metabolic one,but rather an insulative one determined largely by the increase in fur thickness
The page sayshot-spring soaking that may help it keep warm
The source saysSitting in a hot spring also seems to show thermoregulatory behavior
The page saysoften huddles on windy, snowy days
The source saysHuddling is frequently observed on the windy and snowy daysNote: vibe.reason

Source
04

Nakamichi et al. 1995

Nakamichi et al. (1995). Interactions among adult males and females before and after the death of the alpha male in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques. Primates.

The page saysIn one free-ranging troop, the alpha male kept his rank for 17 years
The source saysin a free-ranging troop before and after the death of the alpha male, who died at 28 years of age after occupying his rank position for 17 years
The page saysrelying on female support
The source saysThese results indicate that the alpha male maintained his position by depending on female support and particularly that of the alpha female
The page saysheld it even as his health failed before his death at 28
The source sayswho died at 28 years of age after occupying his rank position for 17 years. The alpha male’s physical condition had deteriorated due to his extreme age for several months before his death. However, he maintained his alpha position
The page saysWhen the second-ranking male attacked him, the alpha female rescued him
The source saysWhen he was attacked by the second-ranking adult male, he was rescued by the alpha female
The page saysafter that he screamed for her support whenever that rival approached
The source saysThereafter, whenever the second-ranking male approached him, the alpha male screamed for the alpha female’s support

Source
05

Ventura et al. 2005

Ventura et al. (2005). Differential effects of ambient temperature and humidity on allogrooming, self-grooming, and scratching in wild Japanese macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

The page saysIn one study of wild Yakushima macaques, scratching and, to a lesser extent, self-grooming rose with heat and humidity, while time spent grooming others was essentially unaffected
The source saysin wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). The amount of time monkeys spent allogrooming was essentially unaffected by variations in ambient temperature and relative humidity. Frequency of scratching and, to a lesser extent, time spent self-grooming significantly increased when ambient temperature and/or relative humidity increased
The page sayswhich the authors linked to that grooming having a social function as well as a hygienic one
The source saysThese results are interpreted in relation to the differences in ultimate function that exist between allogrooming (with both hygienic and social functions) and self-grooming and scratching (with a solely hygienic function)

Source
06

Nakamichi & Shizawa 2003

Nakamichi & Shizawa (2003). Distribution of grooming among adult females in a large, free-ranging group of Japanese macaques. International Journal of Primatology.

The page saysIn one large, provisioned, free-ranging group, each adult female groomed on average 10 of the other 84 females
The source saysadult females in a large, provisioned, free-ranging group of Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata ) at an individual level. Each female groomed on average 10 of the other 84 females
The page says54% of them gave at least half their grooming to a single partner
The source says54% of them devoted ≥50% of their grooming to a single female grooming partner
The page saysChoosy.
The source sayswhich indicates that most females had grooming interactions with a relatively small subset of available females
The page saysMost grooming bouts, 65%, were between relatives, yet a quarter of the females groomed unrelated females disproportionately
The source saysAlthough 65% of the total grooming bouts were between related females, 25% of females disproportionately groomed unrelated females

Source
07

Watanabe & Tokita 2020

Watanabe & Tokita (2020). Macaca fuscata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T12552A195347803.

The page saysLeast Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: IUCN category verified through GBIF's copy of the Red List assessment, per docs/fact-check.md
The page saysThe IUCN Red List rates the species Least Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.