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What the sources say

Hamadryas BaboonPapio hamadryas

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Hamadryas Baboon profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 55 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Papio hamadryas (hamadryas baboon). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysThe basic unit is the one-male unit, or OMU
The source saysThe basic unit of social organization is the OMU, or one male unit
The page saysa central male, the leader, who aggressively herds and controls one to nine females and their offspring
The source saysa central male, the leader, aggressively herds and controls from one to nine females and their offspring
The page saysthe males in a clan are thought to be close genetic relatives
The source saysThe males found in a clan are thought to be close genetic relatives of one another
The page saysClans combine into bands
The source saysTwo or three clans form a single band
The page saysat night several bands may gather on the same sleeping cliff as a troop
The source saysTroops of hamadryas baboons may contain several bands. Troops are aggregations of baboons which utilize the same sleeping cliffs or rocks
The page saysA Leader Male Rules by Force
The source saysthe leader male aggressively herds females
The page saysA hamadryas leader keeps his females by herding them
The source saysthe leader male aggressively herds females, keeping them from straggling during the foraging march
The page saysHe stops them straggling on the foraging march, prevents them from socializing with other males, and chases, bites or otherwise punishes any female who appears to be straying
The source sayskeeping them from straggling during the foraging march, and preventing them from socializing with other males ... chasing, biting, or otherwise punishing females who appear to be straying
The page saysA leader can lose his whole harem to another male in what researchers call a takeover
The source saysthe principle goal of followers seems to be to either steal females from the OMU leader, having become familiar to these females through association with the OMU, or to depose the OMU leader and commandeer his entire harem of femalesNote: 'takeover' is the field's own term, used throughout contexts-2017 and fourth-2009, cited in the next sentences
The page saysHamadryas baboons live across the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea) and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen)
The source saysPapio hamadryas is found on the African continent in the area of the southern Red Sea, in Ethiopia, Somalia, and Eritrea ... This species also occurs in the Palearctic region, in Saudi Arabia and Yemen
The page saysTheir turf is subdesert, steppe, plains and shortgrass savanna, and their range is limited by where they can find a water hole and rocks or cliffs to sleep on
The source saysHamadryas baboons are found in subdesert, steppe, alpine grass meadows, plains, and shortgrass savannahs. Their distribution is limited by the availability of watering holes and appropriate sleeping rocks or cliffs
The page saysone explanation for the cliff-sleeping habit is that it inhibits predators from reaching the animals
The source saysOn explanation for this sleeping arrangement is that it inhibits access of predators to the animalsNote: 'On explanation' is a typo in ADW's own page text, quoted verbatim; the profile's prose corrects it to 'one explanation'
The page saysSubdesert, steppe, plains and shortgrass savanna with sleeping cliffs and a water hole nearby, across the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
The source saysHamadryas baboons are found in subdesert, steppe, alpine grass meadows, plains, and shortgrass savannahs. Their distribution is limited by the availability of watering holes and appropriate sleeping rocks or cliffs
The page saysMost of the social grooming inside a one-male unit is aimed at the leader male, with females working on his mane, face and backside
The source saysMost social grooming within the OMU is focused on the leader male, with females grooming him, especially his mane, face, and buttocks
The page saysIt seems to be part of how a male attracts and keeps his females
The source saysThe pelage characters of males can therefore be thought of as strong mate attractants, and seem to function in the maintenance of the OMU
The page saysresearchers think a male's coat features act as strong mate attractants that seem to help hold the unit together
The source saysThe pelage characters of males can therefore be thought of as strong mate attractants, and seem to function in the maintenance of the OMU
The page saysdangerLevel: High
The source saysThey are large animals which can be aggressive when confronted. Negative Impacts injures humans bites or stingsNote: task #506; 'aggressive when confronted' is the High tier, 'Dangerous when cornered or provoked'. No cached source reports a human death, so not Deadly
The page saystags: mountains
The source saysTheir distribution is limited by the availability of watering holes and appropriate sleeping rocks or cliffsNote: task #506; ADW also lists 'alpine grass meadows' among its habitats and 'mountains' among its terrestrial biomes; the tag's definition names sheer vertical cliffs
The page saysat night several bands may gather on the same sleeping cliff as a troop
The source saysTroops of hamadryas baboons may contain several bands. Troops are aggregations of baboons which utilize the same sleeping cliffs or rocksNote: vibe.reason (#692/#693)

Source
02

San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance

Hamadryas Baboon. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance.

The page sayswhich can run to several hundred baboons
The source sayscan live in troops of several hundred individuals
The page saysAdult males weigh 18 to 20 kilograms
The source saysWeight: Adult female, 20 to 25 pounds (9 to 11 kilograms); adult male, 40 to 45 pounds (18 to 20 kilograms)
The page saysroughly twice an adult female's 9 to 11 kilograms
The source saysWeight: Adult female, 20 to 25 pounds (9 to 11 kilograms); adult male, 40 to 45 pounds (18 to 20 kilograms)Note: 'roughly twice' is a direct ratio of the two figures the source gives
The page saysgrow a mantle of long silvery hair plus a bright pink face and backside
The source saysthe male hamadryas baboon has a distinctive mantle (mane) of long silvery hair and a bright pink face and backside
The page saysFemales have no mantle, and their faces are black and brown
The source saysWhile the females have hairless black and brown faces, the male hamadryas baboon has a distinctive mantle (mane) of long silvery hairNote: the current SDZ page is preferred over ADW's older 'plain olive-brown' coat and 'muted, grayish-brown face'
The page saysSitting upright, an adult male measures 49 to 64 centimeters tall and an adult female 49 to 54
The source saysHeight (sitting): Adult female, 1.6 to 1.8 feet (.49 to .54 meters); adult male, 1.6 to 2.1 feet (.49 to .64 meters)Note: centimeters from the source's meters (.49 to .64 m, .49 to .54 m)
The page saysA hamadryas baboon lives about 20 years in the wild and 31 in expert care
The source says20 years in the wilderness; 31 years in expert careNote: the current SDZ page is preferred over ADW's 2004 Max Planck figures; 'up to 31' was cut in the final pass because SDZ gives 31 as the lifespan in care, not a maximum, and ADW records a 37.6-year captive maximum
The page saysCliffs, Cactus Fruit and Acacia Pods
The source saysboth populations primarily eat grass seeds, roots, berries, and the flowers, leaves, and pods of acacia trees. Baboon populations in Arabia commonly eat cactus fruit and palm nuts, as well
The page saysno other kind of baboon lives as far north
The source saysno other kind of baboon resides as far north as hamadryas baboons
The page saysPlant matter makes up the majority of the diet: grass seeds, roots, and acacia leaves, flowers and pods, plus, in Arabia, cactus fruit and palm nuts
The source saysthe majority of its diet consists of plant matter ... both populations primarily eat grass seeds, roots, berries, and the flowers, leaves, and pods of acacia trees. Baboon populations in Arabia commonly eat cactus fruit and palm nuts, as well
The page saysBird eggs, carrion, small mammals and occasional insects like locusts make up a small portion
The source saysNon-plant food sources make up a small portion of their diet and include bird eggs, carrion, small mammals, and occasionally insects like locusts
The page saysLiving in dry country, these baboons can survive on low-quality food for long stretches
The source saysSince most baboons live in arid environments, they are able to survive on low-quality diets for long periods of time in their native habitat
The page saysThey can fall prey to leopards, hyenas and Verreaux's eagles
The source saysHamadryas baboons can fall prey to leopards, hyenas, and Verreaux's eagles
The page saysSacred to a God of Learning
The source saysAncient Egyptians believed that hamadryas baboons were sacred to Thoth, the god of learning
The page saysAncient Egyptians believed hamadryas baboons were sacred to Thoth, the god of learning
The source saysAncient Egyptians believed that hamadryas baboons were sacred to Thoth, the god of learning
The page saysthe species is still referred to as the Sacred Baboon
The source sayshamadryas baboons are also referred to as Sacred Baboons
The page saysHamadryas baboons are now extinct in Egypt, though large populations remain in Ethiopia, Somalia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen
The source saysThough currently extinct in Egypt, these monkeys can be found in large populations in Ethiopia, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen
The page saysSacred Enough to Mummify
The source saysHamadryas baboons were so highly regarded in ancient times that some were mummified after death
The page saysHamadryas baboons were so highly regarded in ancient times that some were mummified after death
The source saysHamadryas baboons were so highly regarded in ancient times that some were mummified after death
The page saysSilver-maned sacred baboon of ancient Egypt
The source saysAncient Egyptians believed that hamadryas baboons were sacred to Thoth, the god of learning
The page saystroops hundreds strong
The source sayscan live in troops of several hundred individuals
The page saysMostly acacia leaves, flowers and pods, grass seeds and roots, and cactus fruit and palm nuts in Arabia, with a small share of bird eggs, carrion, small mammals and occasional insects like locusts
The source saysboth populations primarily eat grass seeds, roots, berries, and the flowers, leaves, and pods of acacia trees. Baboon populations in Arabia commonly eat cactus fruit and palm nuts, as well. Non-plant food sources make up a small portion of their diet and include bird eggs, carrion, small mammals, and occasionally insects like locusts
The page saysThey held the animals in high enough regard that some hamadryas baboons were mummified after death
The source saysHamadryas baboons were so highly regarded in ancient times that some were mummified after death
The page saystags: omnivore
The source saysNon-plant food sources make up a small portion of their diet and include bird eggs, carrion, small mammals, and occasionally insects like locustsNote: task #506; replaces insectivore: SDZ says 'the majority of its diet consists of plant matter'
The page saysthat can run to several hundred baboons
The source sayscan live in troops of several hundred individualsNote: vibe.reason (#692/#693)

Source
03

Gippoliti 2019

Gippoliti (2019). Papio hamadryas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T16019A17953082.

The page saysLeast Concern
The source saysLeast ConcernNote: read through GBIF's copy of the Red List per docs/fact-check.md; category verifies by script. ADW's body text still says 'lower risk/near threatened' and is out of date

Source
04

Schreier & Swedell 2009

Schreier & Swedell (2009). The fourth level of social structure in a multi‐level society: ecological and social functions of clans in hamadryas baboons. American Journal of Primatology.

The page saysIn one closely studied Ethiopian band, the clans held between seven and 13 of these family units
The source saysresults of cluster analyses indicated that in each of the two observation periods this band comprised two large clans ranging in size from 7 to 13 OMUsNote: one band of about 200 baboons at Filoha, lowland Ethiopia; scoped to that band, not stated as universal

Source
05

Amann, Pines & Swedell 2017

Amann, Pines & Swedell (2017). Contexts and consequences of takeovers in hamadryas baboons: Female parity, reproductive state, and observational evidence of pregnancy loss. American Journal of Primatology.

The page saysInfants caught up in one are at least four times more likely to be killed, or otherwise die, than at other times
The source saysinfants involved in such takeovers are at least four times more likely to be killed (or otherwise die) after takeovers compared to other times
The page saysResearchers watching one wild population at Filoha, in Ethiopia, recorded 162 takeovers over 20 years
The source saysOur data set consists of 162 takeovers over a period of 20 years in a population of wild hamadryas baboons at Filoha, Ethiopia

Source
06

Grueter, Chapais & Zinner 2012

Grueter, Chapais & Zinner (2012). Evolution of Multilevel Social Systems in Nonhuman Primates and Humans. International Journal of Primatology.

The page saysFour Levels of Society, Stacked on Top of Each Other
The source saysThe hamadryas society is characterized by a hierarchical construction of social units: OMUs, clans, bands, and troops
The page saysResearchers call this a multilevel society, and among primates the same pattern has been described in snub-nosed monkeys, proboscis monkeys, geladas and humans
The source saysthe primate species whose social systems have been described as multilevel include several colobine, most notably snub-nosed monkeys ... proboscis monkeys ... and the papionin species hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada) as well as humansNote: the source lists the species and the page repeats the list, adding no rank; Grueter et al. elsewhere call multilevel societies 'prevalent in three primate clades', so no 'rare' claim is made
The page saysSeveral OMUs cluster into a clan
The source saysClans comprise several (male)-bonded and probably male-related OMUs
The page saysharems that stack into clans, bands and troops
The source saysThe hamadryas society is characterized by a hierarchical construction of social units: OMUs, clans, bands, and troops
The page saysA four-level society, from one-male harem units up through clans and bands to troops of several hundred that share one sleeping cliff
The source saysThe hamadryas society is characterized by a hierarchical construction of social units: OMUs, clans, bands, and troopsNote: troop size and the shared sleeping cliff are claimed separately in the body, from sdz-hamadryas and adw-hamadryas
The page saysHamadryas society is built from one-male units at the bottom, which combine into clans, which combine into bands, which combine into troops at the top
The source saysThe hamadryas society is characterized by a hierarchical construction of social units: OMUs, clans, bands, and troops
The page saysone-male units cluster into clans, clans into bands
The source saysThe hamadryas society is characterized by a hierarchical construction of social units: OMUs, clans, bands, and troopsNote: vibe.reason (#692/#693)

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.