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What the sources say

Green Drake MayflyEphemera danica

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Green Drake Mayfly profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 37 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Fritz et al. 2020

Fritz et al. (2020). Bioreplicated coatings for photovoltaic solar panels nearly eliminate light pollution that harms polarotactic insects. PLOS ONE.

The page saysA burrowing mayfly that finds rivers by their polarized glint
The source says(Ephemera danica) detects water with the horizontal polarization of water-reflected lightNote: tagline
The page sayslands on smooth black plastic too
The source saysThe smooth black plastic (SBP) was the most attractive to mayfliesNote: tagline
The page saysDetects water by the horizontal polarization of the light it reflects
The source saysEphemera danica detects water with the horizontal polarization of water-reflected lightNote: stats.superpower
The page saysLight reflected off water is horizontally polarized
The source saysdetects water with the horizontal polarization of water-reflected light
The page saysEphemera danica detects water with that signal.
The source saysEphemera danica detects water with the horizontal polarization of water-reflected light
The page saysThe more strongly a surface reflects horizontally polarized light, the more attractive it is to mayflies like this one.
The source saysthe higher the degree of horizontal polarization of surface-reflected light, the more attractive the respective surface is to polarotactic mayfliesNote: 'like this one': the paper treats E. danica as polarotactic
The page sayssmooth black plastic was the most attractive surface on offer
The source saysThe smooth black plastic (SBP) was the most attractive to mayflies, the attractiveness of the glass-covered rose petal (GRP) was weaker, and the rose petal (RP) was practically unattractive to Ephemera danica
The page saysA cover textured like a rose petal was practically unattractive to them.
The source saysthe rose petal (RP) was practically unattractive to Ephemera danica
The page saysOn each test day, between 18:30 and 19:15, mainly males flew around the surfaces at first.
The source saysOn each experimental day between 18:30 and 19:15, mainly male Ephemera danica mayflies were observed around the test surfaces.
The page saysmainly males flew around the surfaces
The source saysmainly male Ephemera danica mayflies were observed around the test surfaces
The page saysThen, in the second phase of swarming, most of the landing mayflies were females, often with visible egg batches.
The source saysin the second phase of swarming, the majority of landing specimens were females often with visible egg-batchesNote: 'most' paraphrases the paper's 'the majority'
The page saysSometimes they laid those egg batches on the test surfaces.
The source saysSometimes they laid their egg-batches on the test surfaces.
The page saysIn the evening swarm, mainly males fly first, then a second phase arrives, mostly females, often carrying egg batches.
The source saysin the second phase of swarming, the majority of landing specimens were females often with visible egg-batchesNote: vibe.reason; restates body claims (this quote, plus the body claims for the rest of the sentence)

Source
02

Verberk et al. 2016

Verberk et al. (2016). Field and laboratory studies reveal interacting effects of stream oxygenation and warming on aquatic ectotherms. Global Change Biology.

The page saysSandy stretches of streams and rivers where the nymphs burrow
The source saysoccupying the depositional zones of streams and rivers with a sandy bottom where the nymphs construct a tubular burrow in the sedimentNote: stats.habitat
The page saysNymphs filter or collect fine particulate organic detritus
The source saysfeed by filtering or collecting fine particulate organic detritusNote: stats.diet
The page saysThis is a large mayfly.
The source saysEphemera danica , Müller 1764 is a large mayfly
The page sayslive in the depositional zones of streams and rivers with a sandy bottom
The source saysoccupying the depositional zones of streams and rivers with a sandy bottom
The page saysconstruct a tubular burrow in the sediment and feed by filtering or collecting fine particulate organic detritus
The source saysthe nymphs construct a tubular burrow in the sediment and feed by filtering or collecting fine particulate organic detritus
The page saysNymphs collected from a Devon river for lab tests weighed between 15 and 128 mg fresh.
The source saysMayfly nymphs for laboratory experiments were collected in spring (early May) from Torrington River, Devon, UK, ranging in fresh weight between 15 and 128 mg ( E. danica )
The page saysthe main flight period is towards the end of May, though adults are often present between April and November
The source saysThe main flight period is towards the end of May, however adults are often present between April and November.
The page sayshypoxia (low oxygen) lowered their lethal limits for warming by 5.5 °C
The source saysHypoxia lowered lethal limits by 5.5 °C (±2.13) and 8.2 °C (±0.62) for E. danica and S. ignita respectively.Note: FAQ; lethal limits of warming per 'lethal impacts of warming were assessed under three oxygen conditions'
The page sayspoor oxygenation drastically reduced how many sites they occupied, especially in warm water
The source sayspoor oxygenation drastically reduced site occupancy, and reductions were especially pronounced under warm water conditionsNote: FAQ; field data covered both species and UK stream samples

Source
03

Grzybkowska et al. 2016

Grzybkowska et al. (2016). Ephemera danica (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) As a Resource for Two Commensals: Ciliated Protozoans (Sessilida) and Chironomids (Diptera). Journal of Insect Science.

The page saysIn two Polish rivers, small mayflies (optimal size 11.63 mm) were mainly settled by ciliated protozoans, and larger ones (optimal size 28.77 mm) by midge larvae.
The source sayssmall mayflies (optimal size 11.63 mm) were primarily settled by ciliated protozoans while larger specimens (optimal size 28.77 mm) were settled by chironomidsNote: body length was measured, per the Methods; two Polish rivers, Bzura and Mroga
The page saysresearchers in two Polish rivers found between 0 and 18 midge larvae and from 0 to 46 ciliate colonies
The source saysThe number of commensals on a single mayfly specimen varied between 0 and 18 chironomids, and from 0 to 46 colonies of ciliates.

Source
04

Everall et al. 2015

Everall et al. (2015). Detecting phenology change in the mayfly Ephemera danica: responses to spatial and temporal water temperature variations. Ecological Entomology.

The page sayswidespread throughout Europe
The source saysthe mayfly Ephemera danica Müller which is widespread throughout EuropeNote: stats.habitat and body
The page saysNot Evaluated
The source saysthe mayfly Ephemera danica Müller which is widespread throughout EuropeNote: stats.conservationStatus. No Red List assessment: the prefetch found no category in GBIF's copy of the Red List and no Crossref assessment DOI for Ephemera danica, and the Red List was not searched by hand beyond that. The page is cited for the species name only. Precedent great-scallop.
The page saysAcross 2007 to 2013, E. danica at a cool, groundwater-fed reach of England's River Dove kept a 2-year emergence cycle.
The source saysE. danica were monitored at two thermally contrasting reaches in the River Dove, English Peak District over the period 2007–2013 ... In Dovedale, E. danica maintained a 2-year cycle throughout the monitoring periodNote: Dovedale: 'dominated by near constant discharges of cool groundwater'; 'emergence cycle' from point 3 of the abstract
The page saysafter warm summers it emerged after only 1 year at the warmer upstream reach, then began to revert to a two-year cycle after the particularly wet, cool year of 2012
The source saysAfter warm summers E. danica emerged after only 1 year in Beresford Dale but began to revert to a bi‐annual cycle after the particularly wet/cool year of 2012Note: FAQ; Beresford Dale is the upstream site and 'accumulated on average 374 more GDDs than Dovedale'; River Dove, Peak District per point 2
The page saysA two-year cycle
The source saysIn Dovedale, E. danica maintained a 2-year cycle throughout the monitoring periodNote: heading

Source
05

Yohannes & Rothhaupt 2018

Yohannes & Rothhaupt (2018). Dietary nutrient allocation to somatic tissue synthesis in emerging subimago freshwater mayfly Ephemera danica. BMC Ecology.

The page saysadults do not feed
The source saysadult insects do not feed during this period but do utilize energyNote: stats.diet; the sentence says 'during this period', and the body keeps that wording
The page saysemerging adults have been collected in the littoral zone of Lake Constance in Germany
The source saysEmergent E. danica were collected in a single sampling event in July 2011 in the littoral zone of Lake Constance
The page saysAs adults they do not feed, but they do use energy.
The source saysadult insects do not feed during this period but do utilize energyNote: 'during this period' in the source is the adult stage, contrasted with the feeding burrowing nymph phase
The page saysterrestrial detritus (dead plant material from land) was the dominant nutrient source for the abdomen, head and wing, at 57%, 65% and 73% on average
The source saysterrestrial detritus was the dominant nutrient source for abdomen, head and wing with mean values of 57%, 65% and 73%, respectivelyNote: FAQ; the parenthetical is a reader's gloss

Source
06

Winkelmann & Koop 2007

Winkelmann & Koop (2007). The management of metabolic energy storage during the life cycle of mayflies: a comparative field investigation of the collector-gatherer Ephemera danica and the scraper Rhithrogena semicolorata. Journal of Comparative Physiology B.

The page saysIn a study of the nymphs of this mayfly and another one, triglycerides, a type of fat, were the major energy reserve throughout development, at more than 84% of total energy storage in both
The source saysThis is the first publication which focuses on the role of metabolic energy sources during the larval life span of two mayfly species until the larvae emerge. Although triglycerides are the major energy reserve in both species (>84% of total energy storage) throughout the whole larval developmentNote: 'both' = E. danica and Rhithrogena semicolorata; 'a type of fat' is a reader's gloss
The page saysIn male nymphs the triglyceride concentrations remained high until emergence, presumably because of the high energy demands of their swarming flights as adults.
The source saysIn male E. danica the triglyceride concentrations remained high until emergence, presumably due to their high energy demands as adults for their swarming flights.Note: male larvae per the preceding sentence; 'because' paraphrases the paper's 'presumably due to', hedge kept

Source
07

The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales

Common mayfly. The Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales.

The page says1.5 to 3.0 cm long
The source saysScientific name Ephemera danica ... Length: 1.5-3.0cmNote: the trust's species statistics for Ephemera danica
The page saysknown both as the common mayfly and the green drake mayfly
The source saysAlso known as the 'green drake mayfly', the common mayfly

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.