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What the sources say

Common GoldfishCarassius auratus

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Common Goldfish profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 37 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Huckstorf & Freyhof 2013

Huckstorf & Freyhof (2013). Carassius auratus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T166083A1110472.

The page saysLeast Concern
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC).Note: assessed 2010; category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List

Source
02

Fagernes et al. 2017

Fagernes et al. (2017). Extreme anoxia tolerance in crucian carp and goldfish through neofunctionalization of duplicated genes creating a new ethanol-producing pyruvate decarboxylase pathway. Scientific Reports.

The page saysThe pond fish that makes alcohol to survive without oxygen
The source saysfish of the genus Carassius (crucian carp and goldfish) have evolved a specialized metabolic system that allows them to survive prolonged periods without oxygen by producing ethanol as their metabolic end-productNote: tagline
The page saysMakes ethanol to survive without oxygen, and sees four colors including ultraviolet
The source sayssurvive prolonged periods without oxygen by producing ethanol as their metabolic end-productNote: superpower; colours claimed via ADW above
The page saysWithout oxygen, most vertebrates die within minutes.
The source saysWithout oxygen, most vertebrates die within minutes
The page saysFish of the genus Carassius, the crucian carp and the goldfish, survive prolonged periods without oxygen by producing ethanol as their metabolic end-product.
The source saysfish of the genus Carassius (crucian carp and goldfish) have evolved a specialized metabolic system that allows them to survive prolonged periods without oxygen by producing ethanol as their metabolic end-product
The page saysThe trick rests on a pyruvate decarboxylase, an enzyme (a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction) analogous to the one in brewer's yeast and the first described in vertebrates.
The source saysthe evolution of a pyruvate decarboxylase, analogous to that in brewer’s yeast and the first described in vertebrates, in addition to a specialized alcohol dehydrogenase
The page saysIt works alongside a specialized alcohol dehydrogenase.
The source saysin addition to a specialized alcohol dehydrogenase

Source
03

Walker & Johansen 1977

Walker & Johansen (1977). Anaerobic metabolism in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Canadian Journal of Zoology.

The page saysgoldfish survived without oxygen for only a few hours at 20 °C, but for several days at 4 °C
The source saysAt 20 °C goldfish survive anaerobic conditions for only a few hours while at 4 °C survival is extended to several days.
The page saysWinter goldfish outlasted spring goldfish in the cold, and the study linked that to greater stores of glycogen
The source saysThe better cold anaerobic survival of winter and hypophysectomized goldfish compared with spring and sham-operated animals was correlated with greater glycogen stores in the livers of the former.

Source
04

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Carassius auratus (goldfish). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page sayssees four colors, ultraviolet included
The source saysGoldfish are tetrachromats, meaning they can see four colors. These include red, green, blue, and ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths.Note: tagline
The page saysSlow or still fresh water such as ponds, lakes, rivers and marshes, native to eastern Asia
The source saysThey tend to live in bodies of water with slow or no movement. This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes, bogs, and swamps.Note: habitat; native range in the body claim
The page saysOpportunistic omnivore: insects, eggs, plants, crustaceans and detritus
The source saysGoldfish are opportunistic feeders. They are generalist omnivores that eat a variety of insects, eggs, plants, and crustaceans.Note: diet; detritus from the same page: They also consume terrestrial worms like earthworms (suborder Lumbricina) and any detritus they can find in the water.
The page saysGoldfish are tetrachromats, meaning they can see four colors: red, green, blue and ultraviolet.
The source saysGoldfish are tetrachromats, meaning they can see four colors. These include red, green, blue, and ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths.
The page saysthe lateral line, a row of sensory organs that helps them detect motion in the water around them
The source saystheir lateral line which is a line of sensory organs on the sides of their body. It helps them detect motion in the water around them
The page saysHerons, northern river otters and American bullfrogs can prey on goldfish.
The source saysherons (family Ardeidae), bears (family Ursidae), eastern indigo snakes (Drymarchon couperi), northern river otters (Lontra canadensis), and American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) can be predators
The page saysTo defend against predators, goldfish form large groups called schools, and they warn each other with chemical signals that predators are nearby.
The source saysTo defend against predation, goldfish form large groups called schools to evade predators and warn each other with chemical signals that predators are nearby
The page saysGoldfish originated in eastern Asia, including China, Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan, and the range of the species expanded to most of the world.
The source saysoriginated in eastern Asia including China, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. From China, the range of this species expanded north to most of the world.
The page saysThey tend to live in bodies of water with slow or no movement: ponds, lakes, rivers and marshes.
The source saysThey tend to live in bodies of water with slow or no movement. This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes, bogs, and swamps.
The page saysIn captivity, goldfish grow to about 2.5 to 15 centimeters
The source saysIn captivity, goldfish grow to about 2.5-15cm in length.
The page sayswild goldfish often grow bigger than domesticated ones because their environment offers more resources and space to swim
The source saysWild goldfish often grow bigger than domesticated goldfish because of their richer environment with more resources and space to swim.
The page saysThey are generalist omnivores that eat insects, eggs, plants and crustaceans.
The source saysThey are generalist omnivores that eat a variety of insects, eggs, plants, and crustaceans.
The page saysYoung goldfish hatch with dark, pigmented scales, which fade 2 to 3 months later.
The source saysGoldfish hatch with dark, pigmented scales, but they depigment 2-3 months after hatching.
The page saysFemales normally spawn 2000 to 4000 eggs at a time, and adult goldfish consume their own offspring.
The source saysFemale goldfish normally spawn 2000-4000 eggs at a time
The page saysadult goldfish consume their own offspring
The source saysAdult goldfish also consume their own offspring.
The page saysA study of one Quebec pond found that 45% of the gut contents were plants, 21% were insects such as midges and mosquitoes, and 4% were small crustaceans.
The source saysexamined gut contents of Stoneycroft Pond goldfish in Quebec and found that 45% of their diet consists of vegetation (e.g., aquatic pondweeds like Potamogeton ). Insects like non-biting midges (family Chironomidae) and mosquitos (family Culicidae) made up 21% of their diet. Small crustaceans like brine shrimp ( Artemia ), water fleas ( Daphnia magna ), and zooplankton made up 4% of diet.
The page saysGoldfish also eat earthworms and detritus, and pond experiments with caged goldfish suggest they eat amphibian eggs too.
The source saysThey also consume terrestrial worms like earthworms (suborder Lumbricina) and any detritus they can find in the water.
The page sayspond experiments with caged goldfish suggest they eat amphibian eggs too
The source saysPond experiments with caged goldfish suggest that they will consume amphibian eggs, too.
The page saysFour Colors and a Motion Sensor
The source saysGoldfish are tetrachromats, meaning they can see four colors.Note: heading
The page saystags: omnivore
The source saysThey are generalist omnivores that eat a variety of insects, eggs, plants, and crustaceans.Note: #981: insectivore swapped for omnivore; the Quebec gut study in the same account is 45% vegetation
The page saysits lateral line senses the currents and vibrations its schoolmates make while swimming
The source saysIt helps them detect motion in the water around them and communicate with surrounding goldfish by sensing the natural ripples, currents, and vibrations they make while swimming.Note: vibe.reason (#981)

Source
05

USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species database.

The page saysGoldfish generally reach 15 to 20 centimeters and weigh 100 to 300 grams, though the USGS lists a maximum of 59 centimeters and 3.0 kilograms.
The source saysGoldfish may reach 59 cm TL and up to 3.0 kg (IGFA 2001); however, they generally reach only 15-20 cm TL and weigh 100-300 g
The page saysLifespan is typically 6 to 7 years, and it has been reported as long as 30 years.
The source saysLifespan is typically 6-7 years, but has been reported as long as 30 years
The page saysGoldfish feed at the water bottom, where they stir up sediment and increase turbidity
The source saysGoldfish feed at the water bottom where they stir up sediment, increasing turbidity
The page saysadult goldfish can survive water temperatures between 0 and 41 °C
The source saysAdults thrive equally well in salinities between 0-6 ppt (Canagartnam 1959), and can survive water temperatures between 0-41 °C
The page saysThe USGS lists goldfish as established or reported in all US states except Alaska
The source saysStatus: Established or reported in all states except Alaska.
The page sayssays they can outcompete native fishes
The source saysoutcompeting, replacing, and reducing population sizes of native fishes
The page saysBright colors seldom carry on: the surviving offspring of colorful escapees are typically the natural olive-green
The source saysthe surviving progeny of these colorful individuals typically are the natural, cryptic olive-green coloration

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.