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Golden Snub-Nosed MonkeyRhinopithecus roxellana

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 60 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Rhinopithecus roxellana (golden snub-nosed monkey). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysTemperate broadleaf and conifer mountain forests
The source saysPygathrix roxellana is found in temperate broad leaf and conifer forests ... These monkeys live in mountain forests all year longNote: ADW's elevation for that habitat is 1,600 to 4,000 m; the line uses the wider, more recent 1,000–4,100 m from Fan et al. 2018
The page saysAnimal Diversity Web records a head-body length of 570 to 760 millimeters with a tail of 510 to 720 millimeters
The source saysThese monkeys are reported to range from 570 mm to 760 mm in head and body length. The tail is between 510 and 720 mm.
The page saysBoth sexes carry golden fur across the belly, forehead and neck, while the rest of the coat runs grayish-black in males and brownish-black in females
The source saysMales and females have a golden belly, forehead and neck. Males have grayish black on the nape, shoulders, arms, back, head and tail. In females, these parts are brownish black.
The page saysIts nose is flattened, with forward-facing nostrils and two flaps of skin that form peaks almost touching the forehead
The source saysThe nose is flattened, with nostrils facing forward. Two flaps of skin on the widely opened nostrils form peaks that almost touch the forehead.
The page saysIn winter the menu narrows to bark and lichen
The source saysDuring the winter, however, these monkeys switch to a more limited diet of bark and lichen.Note: the earlier 'when snow buries the mountain' was cut: no source in the pack mentions snow
The page saysdangerLevel: Low
The source saysEconomic Importance for Humans: Negative These animals have no known negative effects on humans.
The page saystags: herbivore
The source saysPrimary Diet herbivore herbivore folivore folivore lignivore
The page saysmales and females often trade whines and shrills while they eat
The source saysThis is particularly true of whines and shrills, which are often exchanged by males and females while they are eating.
The page sayswith no body or facial movement to show who is calling
The source saysAn interesting aspect of golden monkey vocalizations is the ventriloquist-like absence of any body or facial movement.

Source
02

AnAge: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database, Build 15 2023

Rhinopithecus roxellana. AnAge: The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database, Build 15, 2023.

The page saysAnAge lists a maximum lifespan of 29.5 years in captivity
The source saysMaximum longevity 29.5 years (captivity)
The page saysone wild-born individual was 29 to 30 when it died in captivity
The source saysOne wild born specimen was 29-30 years old when it died in captivityNote: 'the oldest confirmed individual' was cut: AnAge records the specimen, not a rank

Source
03

Yongcheng & Richardson 2021

Yongcheng & Richardson (2021). Rhinopithecus roxellana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T19596A196491153.

The page saysEndangered
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Endangered (EN).
The page saysThe IUCN Red List rates the species Endangered
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Endangered (EN).

Source
04

Hou et al. 2020

Hou et al. (2020). Cold and hungry: combined effects of low temperature and resource scarcity on an edge‐of‐range temperate primate, the golden snub‐nose monkey. Ecography.

The page saysNarrows the blood vessels in its skin to cut heat loss
The source saysreducing skin temperature by an average of 3.2°C through a cutaneous vasoconstriction to decrease heat lossNote: 'narrows the blood vessels' paraphrases 'cutaneous vasoconstriction'; the tagline drops the 'average of 3.2°C' figure, which the body keeps; the quote's 'average' attaches to the 3.2°C figure, which this phrase does not give; the body keeps both
The page saysburns 14 percent of its body mass getting through a winter
The source saysTheir 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ mbm−1 d−1Note: 'body mass' and 'over the winter' are the source's own terms; the earlier 'average of 14 percent' was cut because the abstract states 14% flat
The page saysNarrows the blood vessels in its skin to cut heat loss
The source saysreducing skin temperature by an average of 3.2°C through a cutaneous vasoconstriction to decrease heat lossNote: the quote's 'average' attaches to the 3.2°C figure, which this phrase does not give; the body keeps both
The page sayslives off stored fat
The source saysWe discovered that in winter the monkeys experience a dietary energy deficit of 101 kJ mbm−1 d−1 compared with calculated needs, despite increased feeding. ... their major strategy is ingesting surplus energy and accumulating fat reserves when food was not limiting during summer and autumn.
The page sayslosing 14 percent of its body mass over the winter
The source saysTheir 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ mbm−1 d−1
The page saysA 2020 study found that despite increased feeding, the monkeys still run short on energy through the cold months, so they draw down fat reserves built up over summer and autumn
The source saysWe discovered that in winter the monkeys experience a dietary energy deficit of 101 kJ mbm−1 d−1 compared with calculated needs, despite increased feeding. ... their major strategy is ingesting surplus energy and accumulating fat reserves when food was not limiting during summer and autumn.Note: 'run short on energy' paraphrases the stated 'dietary energy deficit'; the 'so' clause is the abstract's own framing of fat storage as 'their major strategy' for the winter deficit; 2020 is the paper's publication year from its metadata, not page text
The page saysOver the winter they lose 14 percent of their body mass
The source saysTheir 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ mbm−1 d−1
The page saysnarrowing the blood vessels in their skin, called cutaneous vasoconstriction, which drops their skin temperature by an average of 3.2 degrees Celsius
The source saysreducing skin temperature by an average of 3.2°C through a cutaneous vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss
The page saysa 2020 study found the monkeys still can't make up for the cold and scarce food, so they burn through fat stored over summer and autumn
The source saysWe discovered that in winter the monkeys experience a dietary energy deficit of 101 kJ mbm−1 d−1 compared with calculated needs, despite increased feeding. ... their major strategy is ingesting surplus energy and accumulating fat reserves when food was not limiting during summer and autumn.Note: 2020 is the paper's publication year from its metadata; the 'so' clause is the abstract's own framing of fat reserves as the monkeys' major strategy
The page saysOver the winter they lose 14 percent of their body mass
The source saysTheir 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ mbm−1 d−1

Source
05

Fan et al. 2018

Fan et al. (2018). Vocal repertoire of free‐ranging adult golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). American Journal of Primatology.

The page saysin China's mountains
The source saysa colobine endemic to China, inhabits temperate forests in mountainous areas at high altitudes of 1,000–4,100 m
The page says1,000 to 4,100 meters in China
The source saysa colobine endemic to China, inhabits temperate forests in mountainous areas at high altitudes of 1,000–4,100 m
The page saysAdult males weigh around 15 kilograms in captivity, adult females closer to 9.5 kilograms
The source saysbody weights are approximately 15.0 and 9.5 kg for adult males and adult females in captivity, respectivelyNote: the attribution 'according to a 2018 study of their calls' was cut: Fan et al. cite Davison 1982 and Jablonski & Pan 1995 for these weights rather than measuring them
The page saysThe basic unit is one male with several females, called a one-male unit
The source saysseveral one‐male multi‐female units (OMUs) and one (occasionally more than one) all‐male unit (AMU) form a large cohesive group up to several hundred individualsNote: 'harem' was cut: Qi et al. define a harem as the set of adult females in a one-male unit, not the unit itself; the quote's 'occasionally' and 'up to' attach to the all-male unit and the group-size clauses, not to the definition of a one-male unit
The page saysThe basic family unit is one male with several females
The source saysseveral one‐male multi‐female units (OMUs) and one (occasionally more than one) all‐male unit (AMU) form a large cohesive group up to several hundred individualsNote: the quote's 'occasionally' and 'up to' attach to the all-male unit and the group-size clauses, not to the definition of the unit

Source
06

Qi et al. 2014

Qi et al. (2014). Satellite telemetry and social modeling offer new insights into the origin of primate multilevel societies. Nature Communications.

The page saysGolden snub-nosed monkeys live in one of the few complex, layered societies documented in mammals
The source saysMultilevel societies (MLS), in which polygynous reproductive units are nested in a larger social matrix, represent a highly complex social system documented only in a small number of mammalian species.
The page saysSeveral one-male units form a cohesive breeding band, which associates with one or more all-male units of bachelors to form a herd
The source saysseveral one-male units form a cohesive breeding band that associates with one or more all-male units to form a herdNote: the source's own summary of the layers; 'of bachelors' is claimed separately
The page saysall-male units of bachelors
The source saysthe GNG-all-male band, composed of 3 AMUs with 28 bachelor malesNote: the source calls the members of an all-male unit bachelor males
The page saysA study spanning 14 years in the Qinling Mountains
The source saysWe integrated 14 years of monitoring the social dynamics of golden snub-nosed monkeys in the Qinling Mountains, Zhouzhi, China with satellite telemetry
The page saysrecorded a neighboring band occasionally merging with the study band into a single troop of more than 300 individuals
The source sayswe encountered a neighbouring breeding band (DJF) as well as their satellite AMUs that occasionally merged with our study band into a single large troop of over 300 individualsNote: 'two neighboring bands' was cut: the source describes one neighbouring breeding band and its satellite all-male units merging with the study band
The page sayssatellite collars tracked one such merger for three weeks in February and March
The source saysduring a 3-week period in February and March, the social components represented by the five collared males merged to form a single large troopNote: the collared males wore GPS collars read by satellite (Methods); the earlier 'for a few weeks at a time' was cut because the source records one 3-week merger, not a repeating duration
The page saysA study spanning 14 years in the Qinling Mountains
The source saysWe integrated 14 years of monitoring the social dynamics of golden snub-nosed monkeys in the Qinling Mountains, Zhouzhi, China with satellite telemetry
The page saysrecorded a neighboring band occasionally merging with the study band into a single troop of more than 300 monkeys
The source saysoccasionally merged with our study band into a single large troop of over 300 individualsNote: 'monkeys' paraphrases 'individuals'; the earlier 'for a few weeks at a time' was cut
The page saysthese units travel together in bands
The source saysThe breeding band is an aggregation of OMUs that coordinate their daily activity

Source
07

Guo, Li & Watanabe 2007

Guo, Li & Watanabe (2007). Diet and activity budget of Rhinopithecus roxellana in the Qinling Mountains, China. Primates.

The page saysthe Qinling and Shennongjia Mountains
The source saysa group of Rhinopithecus roxellana on the East Ridge of Yuhuangmiao in the Qinling Mountains
The page saysFruit and seeds, lichens, leaves, bark and buds
The source saysThe overall diet of R. roxellana consisted of 29.4% fruit/seeds, 29.0% lichens, 24.0% leaves, 11.1% bark, 4.2% buds, 1.3% twigs and 1.0% unidentified items.Note: listed in the source's own order of share, largest first
The page saysannual diet of 29 percent fruit and seeds, 29 percent lichens, 24 percent leaves, 11 percent bark and small amounts of buds, twigs and unidentified items
The source saysThe overall diet of R. roxellana consisted of 29.4% fruit/seeds, 29.0% lichens, 24.0% leaves, 11.1% bark, 4.2% buds, 1.3% twigs and 1.0% unidentified items.Note: percentages rounded from the quote (29.4, 29.0, 24.0, 11.1); the remainder is given as the source lists it, buds 4.2%, twigs 1.3% and unidentified 1.0%, rather than as buds and twigs alone

Source
08

Yiming 2006

Yiming (2006). Seasonal variation of diet and food availability in a group of Sichuan snub‐nosed monkeys in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. American Journal of Primatology.

The page saysshifting to primarily lichen from November to April
The source saysthe monthly diet varied from primarily lichens in November-April
The page saysFrom November to April, lichen is their primary food
The source saysthe monthly diet varied from primarily lichens in November-April
The page sayslichens made up 43 percent of feeding records overall
The source sayslichens (Usneaceae) accounting for 43.28% of feeding records (n=3,452)Note: 43 percent rounded from 43.28%
The page saysthe biggest single share of any food type there
The source sayslichens (Usneaceae) accounting for 43.28% of feeding records (n=3,452). Other food types in the diet were young leaves (28.71%), fruits or seeds (14.57%), buds (5.36%), mature leaves (3.51%), herbs (2.09%), bark (1.36%), and flowers (1.13%).Note: 43.28% is larger than every other food-type share the source lists, so this is arithmetic from its own numbers; 'biggest single share' is a comparison of the figures in the quote, not a rank the source states
The page sayslichens accounted for 43 percent of feeding records overall
The source sayslichens (Usneaceae) accounting for 43.28% of feeding records (n=3,452)Note: 43 percent rounded from 43.28%
The page saysfrom November to April the monthly diet is primarily lichens
The source saysthe monthly diet varied from primarily lichens in November-AprilNote: 'when little else is available' was cut as unsourced

Source
09

Li et al. 2001

Li et al. (2001). Seasonal Home Range Changes of the Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains of China. Folia Primatologica.

The page saysRadio tracking in the same mountains put a year's total home range at 22.5 square kilometers
The source sayshave been studied by radio tracking and direct observation in the Qinling Mountains of China ... the total area used was 22.5 km(2)Note: 'a year's total' is the source's total area used across its four seasonal ranges (spring 14.1, summer 9.5, autumn 12.1, winter 12.3 km2)
The page saysAn unusually large home range is a hallmark of this monkey
The source saysAn unusually large home range is a unique characteristic of this monkey.Note: 'hallmark' for the source's 'unique characteristic'

Source
10

Zhang et al. 2011

Zhang et al. (2011). Sleeping cluster patterns and retiring behaviors during winter in a free-ranging band of the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey. Primates.

The page saysFreezing temperatures make staying warm a matter of survival
The source saysKeeping warm is critical for survival in freezing temperatures.
The page saysA study of one wild, provisioned band in the Qinling Mountains
The source saysobservational data on a provisioned free-ranging band in the Qinling Mountains, central ChinaNote: 'wild, provisioned' keeps the source's 'provisioned free-ranging' scope: the band was fed, which can affect retiring times
The page saysthe monkeys retire to sleep between 6:04 and 6:58 pm in winter
The source saysMonkeys retired between 1804 and 1858 h in winter.Note: 1804-1858 h converted to 6:04-6:58 pm
The page saysAll of them slept in trees at night
The source saysall monkeys slept in trees at night
The page saysoften in the lower canopy rather than the colder, windier branches above
The source saysMonkeys often slept in the lower stratum of the tree canopy, avoiding the upper canopy where it is cold and windy.Note: 'rather than ... above' paraphrases 'avoiding the upper canopy'; 'rather than ... above' is the quote's 'avoiding the upper canopy'; the cold and wind are the quote's own words
The page saysThey also formed larger sleeping clusters at night than during the day
The source saysThey formed larger sleeping clusters at night than in daytime.
The page saysmost often adult females clustered with juveniles
The source saysThe most common types of night-sleeping clusters were adult females and juveniles, followed by adult females with other adult females.Note: the second, less common type (adult female pairs) is left out; the source's 60.2% covers both together, so no figure is given

Source
11

Li 2007

Li (2007). Terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys. Primates.

The page saysthe Qinling and Shennongjia Mountains
The source saysin the Qianjiaping area of Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China
The page saysWolves, leopards and golden eagles threaten individual monkeys at one Shennongjia Nature Reserve study site
The source saysin the Qianjiaping area of Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China ... Wolf (Canis lupus), leopard (Panthera pardus), and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) are predators threatening the survival of individual monkeys in the study site.Note: 'hunt these monkeys' was softened to the source's 'threaten' and held to its study site
The page saysthe monkeys spend 97.1 percent of their time in trees, mostly in the middle and upper canopy, and 2.9 percent on the ground
The source saysThey spent 97.1% of their time in trees (n=21,234 records) and 2.9% on the ground, and mainly used the middle (74.4%) and upper strata (17.4%).Note: the causal clause 'keeping them out of easy reach on the ground' was cut as unsourced
The page saysWolves, leopards and golden eagles threaten individual monkeys at one Shennongjia Nature Reserve study site
The source saysin the Qianjiaping area of Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China ... Wolf (Canis lupus), leopard (Panthera pardus), and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) are predators threatening the survival of individual monkeys in the study site.
The page saysthe monkeys spend 97.1 percent of their time in trees and 2.9 percent on the ground
The source saysThey spent 97.1% of their time in trees (n=21,234 records) and 2.9% on the ground, and mainly used the middle (74.4%) and upper strata (17.4%).Note: the quote's 'mainly' attaches to the middle and upper strata, which this answer does not mention

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.