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What the sources say

European Crane FlyTipula paludosa

Every figure, record and mechanism on the European Crane Fly profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 45 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

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Source
01

Ornamentals Northwest Archives, Washington State University Extension (hosted by Oregon State University)

European Crane Fly. Ornamentals Northwest Archives, Washington State University Extension (hosted by Oregon State University).

The page saysleather-skinned grubs mostly hide underground by day and feed at night
The source saysDuring the day, leatherjackets, about 1 inch long, mostly stay underground, but on damp, warm nights they come to the surface to feedNote: tagline
The page saysThe larvae of the European crane fly develop a tough skin, which is where their common name, leatherjackets, comes from
The source saysThe larvae develop a tough skin; hence their common name,"leatherjackets."
The page saysLeatherjacket grubs with tough skin that come up to feed on damp, warm nights
The source sayson damp, warm nights they come to the surface to feed on the above-ground parts of many plantsNote: stats.superpower
The page saysA leatherjacket is a small, gray-brown, wormlike grub about 1 inch long
The source saysLarva of the European crane fly - small, gray-brown, wormlike, approximately 1 inch long.
The page saysBy day it mostly stays underground. When the night is damp and warm, it comes up to eat the above-ground parts of many plants
The source saysDuring the day, leatherjackets, about 1 inch long, mostly stay underground, but on damp, warm nights they come to the surface to feed on the above-ground parts of many plants.
The page saysIn fall the grubs feed on the root crowns of clover and grass
The source saysThe leatherjackets feed on the root crowns of clover and grass during the fall
The page saysLarvae feed on the root crowns of clover and grass, and on garden vegetables
The source saysThe European crane fly larvae also feed on beet, potato, corn (maize), other garden vegetables, and ornamentals and nursery treesNote: stats.diet; first half in the claim above
The page saysThey also feed on beet, potato, corn, other garden vegetables, ornamentals and nursery trees, and young plants suffer most
The source saysThe European crane fly larvae also feed on beet, potato, corn (maize), other garden vegetables, and ornamentals and nursery trees - young plants are most susceptible
The page saysAdults emerge from the soil of lawns and pastures from late August to mid-September
The source saysAdult crane flies emerge from soil of lawns, pastures, and other grass areas from late August to mid-September.
The page saysBetween late August and mid-September, when they climb out of the soil
The source saysAdult crane flies emerge from soil of lawns, pastures, and other grass areas from late August to mid-September.Note: FAQ
The page saysAn adult could pass for an oversized mosquito, with a body of about 1 inch before you add the legs
The source sayslooks like a large mosquito with a body about one inch long, not including the legsNote: body says 1 inch; the source says one inch
The page saysWithin 24 hours of emerging, females have mated and laid their eggs in the grass
The source saysThe females mate and lay eggs in grass within 24 hours after emerging.
The page saysThe grubs spend the winter as leatherjackets and keep feeding as spring warms
The source saysThey winter in the leatherjacket stage. As the weather warms in the spring, they continue to feed.Note: until mid-May is the next quote
The page saysFeeding stops about mid-May
The source saysLeatherjacket feeding stops about mid-May.
The page saysIn July and August they lie in a nonfeeding stage just below the soil surface
The source saysLeatherjackets go into a nonfeeding stage just below the soil surface during July and August.
The page saysThey wriggle to the surface and the adult crane flies emerge
The source saysFrom late August through September pupae wriggle to the surface and the adult crane flies emerge.
The page saysThe species has one generation a year
The source saysthis insect has only one generation annually
The page saysEach year brings just one generation
The source saysthis insect has only one generation annuallyNote: FAQ
The page saysIn 1966, a pasture near New Westminster, British Columbia, averaged 110 larvae per square foot in April and May, which works out to 4.5 million per acre
The source saysDamage potential in pasture was first noted in 1966 when 10 acres of pasture grassland was nearly eliminated on a small farm near New Westminister. At that site an average of 110 larva were found per square foot (April & May) which translates to 4.5 million leatherjackets per acre.Note: average is the source's own word
The page saysNative to northern Europe; introduced to North America
The source saysThe European crane fly is a native of northern EuropeNote: stats.habitat
The page saysfirst found in 1955 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
The source saysThe European crane fly was first found in North America in 1955 on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia.
The page saysin 1965 near Vancouver, British Columbia
The source saysIn 1965 it was discovered in British Columbia in the area around eastern Vancouver.
The page saysA 1980 to 1981 outbreak around Seattle, Washington, wiped out lawns, fairways and golf greens
The source saysIn 1980-1981 a major outbreak occurred in the Seattle, Washington, area causing total destruction of lawns, fairways, and greens.
The page sayswhose skin is tough
The source saysThe larvae develop a tough skinNote: FAQ
The page sayswhere the damage to a lawn is severe, bare areas appear
The source saysSevere damage to lawns (bare areas and lodging of the grass)Note: FAQ
The page saysTipula paludosa is native to northern Europe
The source saysThe European crane fly is a native of northern Europe
The page saysa grayish-brown grub roughly an inch long
The source sayssmall, gray-brown, wormlike, approximately 1 inch longNote: FAQ
The page saysIt eats clover and grass at the root crowns
The source saysThe leatherjackets feed on the root crowns of clover and grassNote: FAQ
The page saysadults climb out of lawns and pastures from late August to mid-September
The source saysAdult crane flies emerge from soil of lawns, pastures, and other grass areas from late August to mid-September.Note: vibe.reason; same quote as the body sentence "Adults emerge from the soil of lawns and pastures from late August to mid-Septem"

Source
02

Welsh Wildlife Trust

Daddy longlegs. Welsh Wildlife Trust.

The page saysIn Britain, large craneflies are called daddy longlegs
The source saysThe daddy longlegs is actually a large type of cranefly, of which there are 94 species in the UK.Note: Welsh page is family scope (Tipulidae); the sentence names large craneflies, not this species.
The page sayssays the idea that they are venomous is a myth
The source saysThe urban myth that daddy longlegs are venomous is just that - a myth!
The page saysCraneflies cannot bite, it adds, and the rumour probably comes from mixing them up with certain spiders
The source saysIt's true that they cannot bite, but the venomous rumour is likely to have been due to its confusion with certain species of spiders.
The page saysThat page covers the crane fly family, not this species alone
The source saysThe daddy longlegs is actually a large type of cranefly, of which there are 94 species in the UKNote: scope statement
The page saysa crane fly's very long legs easily fall off if handled
The source sayswith translucent wings and very long legs, which easily fall off if handled
The page saysNo. The Welsh Wildlife Trust calls that an urban myth and says craneflies cannot bite
The source saysThe urban myth that daddy longlegs are venomous is just that - a myth! It's true that they cannot biteNote: FAQ
The page saysThe rumour likely comes from confusing them with certain spiders
The source saysthe venomous rumour is likely to have been due to its confusion with certain species of spidersNote: FAQ
The page saysIts page covers the whole crane fly family, not this species alone
The source saysThe daddy longlegs is actually a large type of cranefly, of which there are 94 species in the UKNote: FAQ scope
The page saystags: flying
The source saysThe adults are on the wing during the late summerNote: tags, task #1254; the page covers family Tipulidae, and every adult crane fly is winged

Source
03

Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, Oregon State University

European crane fly (Tipula paludosa). Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook, Oregon State University.

The page saysAdults of this species do not feed, says the Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook: they mate quickly and lay eggs for 2 to 14 days.
The source saysUpon emergence, adults do not feed but instead quickly mate and begin laying eggs for 2 to 14 days.

Source
04

Cornell Integrated Pest Management

European Crane Flies (Tipula paludosa and Tipula oleracea). Cornell Integrated Pest Management.

The page saysCornell's pest management programme calls them relatively short-lived.
The source saysAdults are non feeding and relatively short-lived.

Source
05

Oestergaard et al. 2006

Oestergaard et al. (2006). Biological control of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) using entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.

The page saysthe first grubs hatch from September to mid-October
The source saysfirst instars hatch from September until mid-October
The page saysa 2006 study called it the major insect pest of grassland in northwest Europe
The source saysTipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) is the major insect pest in grassland in Northwest EuropeNote: replaces the 1983 'only occasionally occurs in economically damaging numbers' with the newer source
The page saysNative to northern Europe; introduced to North America
The source sayshas been accidentally introduced to North AmericaNote: stats.habitat

Source
06

Peck, Olmstead & Morales 2008

Peck, Olmstead & Morales (2008). Application timing and efficacy of alternatives for the insecticidal control of Tipula paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae), a new invasive pest of turf in the northeastern United States. Pest Management Science.

The page saysIt was detected in New York State for the first time in 2004
The source saysTipula paludosa Meigen and Tipula oleracea L. (Diptera: Tipulidae), were detected in New York State for the first time in 2004Note: abstract; both species

Source
07

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

The page saysNot Evaluated
The source saysTipula paludosa Meigen, 1830Note: stats.conservationStatus. The prefetch found no Red List assessment for Tipula paludosa (GBIF has no category, no Crossref assessment DOI), so no IUCN reference is cited. ITIS anchors only the accepted name.

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.