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What the sources say

BonoboPan paniscus

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Bonobo profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 46 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

Profile updated

Source
01

Fruth et al. 2016

Fruth et al. (2016). Pan paniscus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15932A102331567.

The page saysEndangered
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Endangered (EN).Note: stats.conservationStatus; read through GBIF's copy of the Red List, taxon 15932
The page saysThe IUCN Red List rates the bonobo Endangered.
The source saysIUCN Red List category: Endangered (EN).Note: category via GBIF's copy of the Red List, taxon 15932

Source
02

San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance

Bonobo. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance.

The page saysThe Congo forest ape where the females rule the roost.
The source saysin the largely peaceful bonobo society, the females rule the roostNote: tagline
The page saysCongo forest
The source saysBonobos live in the rainforests of the Congo Basin in AfricaNote: tagline
The page saysRainforest of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The source saysBonobos live in the rainforests of the Congo Basin in AfricaNote: habitat; DRC from next quote
The page saysRainforest of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The source saysBonobos are found only in a small part of one country in Africa, the Democratic Republic of CongoNote: habitat
The page saysLargely peaceful
The source saysin the largely peaceful bonobo societyNote: superpower label
The page saysBonobo society is run by the females.
The source saysthe females take charge and keep lifelong bonds with their sons
The page saysMothers keep lifelong bonds with their sons
The source saysthe females take charge and keep lifelong bonds with their sons
The page saysadult females form strong bonds with each other
The source saysAdult females form strong bonds with each other
The page saysBonobos also use touch to give each other reassurance and comfort.
The source saysBonobos use touch to give reassurance and comfort to each other
The page saysFrom head to rump they measure 70 to 83 centimeters.
The source saysFrom head to rump: 2.3 to 2.7 feet (70 to 83 centimeters)
The page saysMales weigh about 39 kilograms and females about 31 kilograms.
The source saysFemales about 68 pounds (31 kilograms); males about 86 pounds (39 kilograms)
The page saysCompared with chimpanzees, they are more slender, with smaller heads and smaller ears.
The source saysbonobos are more slender and have smaller heads and smaller ears
The page saysThey are also more comfortable walking upright
The source saysBonobos are more comfortable walking upright than chimpanzees are
The page saystheir hair is neatly parted down the middle of the head
The source saysbonobos look quite distinguished with their “hair” neatly parted down the middle of their head
The page saysThey keep a white rump patch for life, while the patch darkens with age on chimpanzees.
The source saysThey also keep their white rump patch for life, while the patch darkens with age on chimpanzees
The page saysBonobos live in the rainforests of the Congo Basin, in a small part of one country, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The source saysBonobos live in the rainforests of the Congo Basin in AfricaNote: first half
The page saysBonobos live in the rainforests of the Congo Basin, in a small part of one country, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The source saysBonobos are found only in a small part of one country in Africa, the Democratic Republic of CongoNote: second half
The page saysthey spend hours hunting for earthworms
The source saysBonobos also spend hours hunting for earthworms to snack on
The page saysEach evening they build sturdy nests of leaves and twigs in the forks of trees.
The source saysThey use leaves and twigs to build sturdy nests in the forks of trees each evening
The page saysAdults sometimes share one.
The source saysAdult bonobos sometimes share a nestNote: #981: the uniqueness clause (one zoo page's claim about every other great ape) was cut
The page saysPeople hunt bonobos for food and sell their babies into the pet trade
The source saysHumans continue to move into bonobo habitat, hunting these amazing apes for food and selling their babies into the pet trade
The page sayslogging roads give people easier access to hunt or capture many rainforest animals, including bonobos.
The source saysCommercial logging operations create new roads to harvest timber, giving people easier access to hunt or capture many rainforest wildlife, including bonobos
The page saysFemales don't usually have their first baby until they are about 13 years old
The source saysthe females don’t usually have their first baby until they are about 13 years old
The page saysa mother gives birth every five to six years.
The source saysThe mother gives birth every five to six years
The page saysBonobos live over 50 years in expert care, and their lifespan in the wild is unknown.
The source saysOver 50 years in expert care, unknown in the wilderness
The page saysEarlier scientists took bonobos for a smaller version of the common chimpanzee, but the two are about the same size.
The source saysEarlier scientists thought the bonobo was just a smaller version of the common chimpanzee and so the term “pygmy chimpanzee” was used. ... Chimpanzees and bonobos are about the same size
The page saysBonobos were described as a subspecies of chimpanzee in 1929 and identified as their own species in 1933.
The source saysBonobos were described as a subspecies of chimpanzee in 1929 but identified as a separate species in 1933
The page saysBonobos have been observed sponging water out of tree trunks with moss, fashioning a rain hat out of leaves, and shaping a toothpick out of a twig.
The source saysThese clever apes have been observed sponging water out of tree trunks with moss, fashioning a rain hat out of leaves, and shaping a toothpick out of a twig
The page saysa newborn weighs 1.3 kilograms (2.8 pounds).
The source saysWeight at birth: 2.8 pounds (1.3 kilograms)
The page saysPregnancy lasts about 8 months
The source saysGestation: About 8 monthsNote: gestation = pregnancy
The page saysInfants are born virtually helpless and are carried everywhere by their mothers for the first two years.
The source saysInfants are born virtually helpless and must be carried everywhere by their mothers for the first two years
The page saysBonobos have been observed sponging water out of tree trunks with moss, fashioning a rain hat out of leaves and shaping a toothpick out of a twig
The source saysThese clever apes have been observed sponging water out of tree trunks with moss, fashioning a rain hat out of leaves, and shaping a toothpick out of a twigNote: vibe.reason; same quote as the body claim

Source
03

Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan

Pan paniscus (bonobo). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan.

The page saysFruit, plus leaves, stems, shoots, termites and worms
The source saysFruit comprises the largest portion of the diet of P. paniscus ... Plant parts consumed include fruit, nuts, stems, shoots, pith, leaves, roots, tubers and flowers. ... Invertebrates form a small proportion of the diet and include termites, grubs, and worms.Note: diet
The page saysMales stay in the group they were born in for life, while females leave in adolescence to join another one.
The source saysMale bonobos stay in their natal group for life, whereas females leave during adolescence to join another groupNote: natal group = group born in
The page saysA male's rise in dominance is correlated with his mother's strong presence in the group.
The source saysA male bonobo’s rise in dominance is correlated with a mother’s strong presence in the group
The page saysBonobos are apes with dark hair covering their bodies.
The source saysBonobos are apes about two-thirds the size of humans, with dark hair covering their bodies
The page saysFruit makes up the largest part of their diet.
The source saysFruit comprises the largest portion of the diet of P. paniscus
The page saysThey also eat leaves, stems, shoots, termites, grubs and worms
The source saysPlant parts consumed include fruit, nuts, stems, shoots, pith, leaves, roots, tubers and flowers. ... Invertebrates form a small proportion of the diet and include termites, grubs, and worms.
The page saysdangerLevel: Medium
The source saysNegative Impacts injures humans carries human disease crop pestNote: #981: kept Medium. ADW lists injuries to people; no cached source reports a serious injury or a death, so not High or Deadly

Source
04

Wilson et al. 2014

Wilson et al. (2014). Lethal aggression in Pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts. Nature.

The page saysa 2014 study of four bonobo communities over five decades logged one suspected killing
The source sayswe compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades. Our data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobosNote: superpower; 2014 = publication year
The page saysResearchers pooled records from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades.
The source sayswe compiled information from 18 chimpanzee communities and 4 bonobo communities studied over five decades
The page saysTheir data include 152 killings by chimpanzees and one suspected killing by bonobos.
The source saysOur data include 152 killings (n = 58 observed, 41 inferred, and 53 suspected killings) by chimpanzees in 15 communities and one suspected killing by bonobos

Source
05

Furuichi 2011

Furuichi (2011). Female contributions to the peaceful nature of bonobo society. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews.

The page saysa 2011 paper found no confirmed record of infanticide among bonobos
The source saysthere is no confirmed record of such an event among bonobosNote: superpower; 'such an event' = infanticide, in the preceding sentence; 2011 = the paper's publication year
The page saysA 2011 paper also found no confirmed record of infanticide (the killing of babies) among bonobos, against many records for male chimpanzees.
The source saysWhile there are many records of infanticide by male chimpanzees, there is no confirmed record of such an event among bonobosNote: 'infanticide (the killing of babies)' is the definition; 2011 = the paper's publication year

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.