AnimalTracks.wiki

What the sources say

Calanus CopepodCalanus finmarchicus

Every figure, record and mechanism on the Calanus Copepod profile was written from a source, and this is the working table behind it: 26 claims checked word for word against these sources. The left column is what the page says. The right column is the source's own words, copied, not paraphrased; a ... marks a cut and[brackets] an insertion. Open any source and check it yourself.

Profile updated

Source
01

Hatlebakk et al. 2022

Hatlebakk et al. (2022). Contrasting Life Traits of Sympatric Calanus glacialis and C. finmarchicus in a Warming Arctic Revealed by a Year-Round Study in Isfjorden, Svalbard. Frontiers in Marine Science.

The page sayscounted one as adult when its prosome, the front part of the body, measured 2.4 to 2.95 millimetres
The source saysAF/AM 2.4-2.95Note: Table 1 of the paper, column C. finmarchicus (the other column is C. glacialis); caption: size ranges (prosome length, mm) used to differentiate copepodite stages and adult females and males (AF/AM) in this Isfjorden, Svalbard study, after Daase and Eiane (2007), Choquet et al. (2018) and Daase et al. (2018). Scoped on the page as the study's adult criterion.
The page saysTowards the end of summer, it descends to deeper water and spends the winter dormant, a state called diapause
The source saysAll three perform seasonal migrations, descending to deeper depths towards the end of the summer to spend the unproductive winter in a state of dormancy (diapause)
The page saysIn that Svalbard fjord, C. finmarchicus overwintered mainly at stage CV, the last juvenile stage, with 65 percent of them there
The source saysC. finmarchicus overwintered mainly as CV (65%)Note: CV last juvenile stage: Table 1 runs CI-CV then AF/AM; Cole: "Juvenile C. finmarchicus have a flexible life history, where they can either enter diapause or moult into their adult life stage."
The page saysIn the northernmost part of its range, its life cycle takes one year
The source sayshas a 1-year life cycle in the northernmost part of its distribution range
The page saysAtlantic currents regularly carry it in high numbers into the Arctic
The source saysIt is regularly transported in high numbers into the Arctic with the Atlantic currents
The page saysIt is expanding northwards, and it may potentially replace its larger relative Calanus glacialis if the climate continues to warm
The source saysits smaller North Atlantic sibling Calanus finmarchicus is expanding northwards and may potentially replace it if the climate continues to warm
The page saysAbout a year, in the northernmost part of its range. Where researchers sampled it through the winter in Isfjorden, Svalbard, most overwintering animals (65 percent) were at stage CV, a pattern they read as a mainly one-year life cycle
The source saysC. finmarchicus overwintered mainly as CV (65%), reflecting a primarily two- and one-year life cycle, respectively.
The page saysTowards the end of summer it descends to deeper water and spends the winter dormant
The source saysAll three perform seasonal migrations, descending to deeper depths towards the end of the summer to spend the unproductive winter in a state of dormancy (diapause)Note: vibe.reason, same quote as the body
The page saysNot Evaluated
The source saysits smaller North Atlantic sibling Calanus finmarchicusNote: stats.conservationStatus. Anchors the species name only; the body makes no status claim. GBIF's copy of the IUCN Red List returns category NOT_EVALUATED for Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus, 1770) (api.gbif.org/v1/species/5166399/iucnRedListCategory, fetched 2026-10-11); an API endpoint can't be cited, and no page found states it, so no IUCN reference is cited (#1227).

Source
02

Jónasdóttir et al. 2015

Jónasdóttir et al. (2015). Seasonal copepod lipid pump promotes carbon sequestration in the deep North Atlantic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The page saysthis one species sequesters an amount of carbon equivalent to the sinking flux of detrital material
The source saysone species, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus overwintering in the North Atlantic, sequesters an amount of carbon equivalent to the sinking flux of detrital material
The page saysOverwintering zooplankton carry carbon-rich lipids down and metabolise them at depth. Researchers called this the lipid pump, and found that adding it almost doubles earlier estimates of biological carbon storage in the deep North Atlantic
The source saysIt involves the vertical transport and metabolism of carbon rich lipids by overwintering zooplankton. ... Inclusion of the lipid pump almost doubles the previous estimates of deep-ocean carbon sequestration by biological processes in the North Atlantic.

Source
03

Cole et al. 2019

Cole et al. (2019). Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod. Environmental Science & Technology.

The page saysCalanus finmarchicus is a copepod, a small crustacean
The source saysa boreal (coldwater) copepodNote: Copepods are crustaceans (definitional); Cole calls it the dominant mesozooplankton species in the North Sea and Norwegian Sea.
The page saysIts energy store is a large oil sac made of wax esters, built up while it is young and food is plentiful
The source saysThe energetic reserve of C. finmarchicus takes the form of a large oil sac, comprising wax esters with long-chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols, built-up during their juvenile life stages in periods of high food availability.
The page saysFor copepods, lipid mass is directly related to how deep they can descend during diapause. Smaller reserves mean overwintering at shallower depths, where they are more prone to predation
The source saysLipid mass is directly related to the depth at which copepods can successfully descend during diapause; smaller lipid reserves would result in overwintering at shallower depths leaving these copepods more prone to predation.Note: General copepod statement in Cole, kept at copepod scope.
The page saysIts lipid stores make it nutritionally valuable to fish and whales
The source saysThese lipid stores make C. finmarchicus nutritionally valuable to higher-trophic organisms (e.g., fish, whales)
The page saysIt is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and is the dominant mesozooplankton species in the North Sea and Norwegian Sea
The source saysa boreal (coldwater) copepod that is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and the dominant mesozooplankton species in the North Sea and Norwegian Sea
The page saysIn a lab test, juvenile copepods exposed to nylon granules built up less lipid
The source sayslipid accumulation was stymied in preadult copepods exposed to nylon granulesNote: Lab exposure of preadult (CV) C. finmarchicus from NTNU cultures.
The page saysthose exposed to nylon microplastics moulted, or shed their outer skeleton, earlier than unexposed ones
The source sayscopepods exposed to nylon microplastics moulted significantly earlier than copepods in the control treatment
The page saysA small North Atlantic copepod whose oil sac fuels a winter sleep in deep water
The source saysdescend to deeper waters and enter a state of dormancy over winterNote: Tagline parts: North Atlantic copepod (hatlebakk-2022 quote above), oil sac (cole-2019 quote above), winter dormancy at depth (hatlebakk-2022 quote above).
The page saysCold waters of the North Atlantic, including the North Sea and Norwegian Sea
The source saysa boreal (coldwater) copepod that is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere and the dominant mesozooplankton species in the North Sea and Norwegian SeaNote: North Atlantic: Hatlebakk 'its smaller North Atlantic sibling Calanus finmarchicus'.
The page saysStores energy in a large oil sac of wax esters
The source saysThe energetic reserve of C. finmarchicus takes the form of a large oil sac, comprising wax esters

Source
04

Evjemo, Reitan & Olsen 2003

Evjemo, Reitan & Olsen (2003). Copepods as live food organisms in the larval rearing of halibut larvae (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) with special emphasis on the nutritional value. Aquaculture.

The page saysIn one analysis, lipids (fats and oils) made up 22 to 25 percent of the dry weight of its later juvenile stages and adults
The source saysincreasing to 22-25% in copepodid stages IV, V and the adult stages

Source
05

Ohman & Runge 1994

Ohman & Runge (1994). Sustained fecundity when phytoplankton resources are in short supply: Omnivory by Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Limnology and Oceanography.

The page saysIt eats algae, but in the open Gulf of St. Lawrence, microplankton that feed on other organisms, including ciliates and dinoflagellates presumed to feed that way, made up a disproportionate share of its ration
The source saysthe rate of ingestion of autotrophic particles. Heterotrophic microplankton—including ciliates and dinoflagellates presumed to be heterotrophic—constituted a disproportionate fraction of the ration of C. finmarchicus in the open Gulf of St. LawrenceNote: Algae = autotrophic particles it ingested; heterotrophic glossed as feeding on other organisms.
The page saysAlgae and other microplankton, including ciliates and dinoflagellates
The source saysthe rate of ingestion of autotrophic particles. Heterotrophic microplankton—including ciliates and dinoflagellates presumed to be heterotrophic—constituted a disproportionate fraction of the ration of C. finmarchicus

Source
06

Vroom et al. 2017

Vroom et al. (2017). Aging of microplastics promotes their ingestion by marine zooplankton. Environmental Pollution.

The page saysIn a separate feeding experiment, all stages of C. finmarchicus ingested polystyrene fragments, and late juveniles (stage CV) and adults preferred aged microbeads over pristine ones
The source saysAll stages of Calanus finmarchicus ingested polystyrene fragments. Aged microbeads were preferred over pristine ones by females of Acartia longiremis as well as juvenile copepodites CV and adults of Calanus finmarchicus.
The page saysIn a feeding experiment, yes: every life stage swallowed polystyrene fragments. Much of the plastic passed out again within 2 to 4 hours, and an 11-day exposure did not affect the survival of adult females
The source saysAll stages of Calanus finmarchicus ingested polystyrene fragments. ... Much of the ingested plastic was, however, egested within a short time period (2-4 h) and the survival of adult Calanus females was not affected in an 11-day exposure.

How the table was made: a writer drafted the profile from these sources and logged each claim with its quote, a reviewer with nothing but this table checked every sentence said no more than its quote, and a script confirmed each quote appears word for word in the source. The method is in the site'sAbout page.