---
title: "Great Torpedo Ray (Tetronarce nobiliana) | AnimalTracks.wiki"
description: "170-to-220-volt shocks from a honeycomb of barely visible electric organs, and jaws that stretch to swallow surprisingly big fish."
image: "https://animaltracks.wiki/images/animals/torpedo-ray-1.webp"
published: "2026-08-31"
updated: "2026-09-14"
---
# Great Torpedo Ray (*Tetronarce nobiliana*)
> **Status**: Checked against 3 sources, listed under Sources below.
> **Tagline**: 170-to-220-volt shocks from a honeycomb of barely visible electric organs, and jaws that stretch to swallow surprisingly big fish.
> **Soundtrack Vibe**: Big Beat & 90s Acid Techno // The Prodigy, "Firestarter"
> **Soundtrack Links**: [Spotify](https://open.spotify.com/track/79CUrU5o2KAVDTNm4x3eGU) | [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb9hvRSEel8)
> **Vibe Match**: Explosive breakbeat loops and distortion shocks for a ray whose electric organs stack their cells like a roll of coins and add them together into a 170-to-220-volt jolt.
## Biological Superpowers & Stats
- **Taxonomy**: *Tetronarce nobiliana*
- **Danger Level**: High
- **Conservation Status**: Least Concern ([IUCN Red List](https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-2.rlts.t116861529a116861706.en))
- **Superpower**: Twin kidney-shaped electric organs that fire 170 to 220 volts, enough to stun or kill a fish and, from a large adult, to disable a person.
- **Habitat**: Soft seabeds and coral reefs as a juvenile, the water column as an adult, across the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean down to 800 meters
- **Diet**: Large bottom-dwelling and open-water fish, including sharks, dogfish, flounder and mullet
- **Tags**: fish, ocean, predator, electric-discharge
## Natural History & Behavior
## A Shock Built From a Stack of Batteries
Two kidney-shaped electric organs sit inside the pectoral fins on either side of its head, giving the skin a honeycomb-like appearance. They deliver a shock of 170 to 220 volts. A large adult's shock is strong enough to disable a person, though it is extremely unlikely to stop a human heart.
Scientists studied the organs in rays brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in the summers of 1958 and 1959. Their paper describes each organ as 500 to 1,000 columns of flat cells called electroplaques, stacked one above the other. The voltages of the cells in one column add together, which scientists call series summation, like batteries wired in a row. The maximum peak power the team recorded was about 600 watts per organ.
> **Stacked like a roll of coins** Each column of electroplaques runs the full thickness of the fish, and the Woods Hole study says the thickest columns probably hold more than 1,000 cells.
## A Heavyweight Ambush Hunter
The maximum reported length of a great torpedo ray is 180 cm (70.9 in), and the maximum published weight is 90 kg (198 lb). They are usually 0.6 to 1.5 m long and seem heavy for their size. It prefers soft seabeds or coral reefs, where it can ambush prey. It wraps a fish in its pectoral fins and shocks it, which stuns or kills the fish before the torpedo eats it. Its jaws can distend, or stretch wide, letting it swallow fish bigger than its closed mouth makes seem possible. It eats mostly large bottom-dwelling and open-water fish, including sharks, dogfish, flounder and mullet.
## From Scotland to South Africa
This ray lives in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, from Scotland south to Morocco, though not in the Black Sea. It also lives from Mauritania to the Gulf of Guinea, and from Namibia to South Africa. Adults live up in the water column, from 2 to 800 meters deep. Juveniles live on the bottom, over soft seabeds and coral reefs. The species is reported to migrate long distances. It has few natural predators due to its electric power and large size. Sharks and other large meat-eating fish seldom take on electric rays.
## Ancient Medicine and Big Families
In ancient Greek and Roman times, its shock was used to treat gout (a painful joint disease), headaches and other illnesses. A torpedo ray is ovoviviparous, which means its babies grow inside the mother's body. They feed first on yolk, then on a rich fluid called uterine "milk" enriched with mucus, fat and protein. Pregnancy is thought to last about a year. A female can give birth to as many as 60 pups, each about 20 cm (8 in) long. The IUCN Red List rates the great torpedo ray as a species of Least Concern.
## Frequently Asked Questions
### How strong is a torpedo ray's electric shock?
A large adult great torpedo ray can deliver a jolt of 170 to 220 volts, strong enough to disable a person. The main threat to life is becoming disoriented underwater after being shocked. It is extremely unlikely the charge could stop a human heart. *(Source: [Florida Museum of Natural History]())*
### How does its electric organ actually make electricity?
A study of torpedo rays brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1958 and 1959 describes each electric organ as 500 to 1,000 columns of flat cells called electroplaques, stacked like a roll of coins. The voltages of the cells in one column add together, which scientists call series summation, the way batteries do when wired in a row. The maximum peak power the team recorded was about 600 watts per organ. *(Source: [Bennett, Wurzel & Grundfest 1961]())*
### How did people in ancient Greece and Rome use torpedo rays?
In ancient Greek and Roman times, people used the electrical shock of the great torpedo ray to treat gout, headaches and other ailments. *(Source: [Florida Museum of Natural History]())*
## Sources
1. [Atlantic Torpedo. Florida Museum of Natural History.]()
2. [Bennett, Wurzel & Grundfest (1961). The Electrophysiology of Electric Organs of Marine Electric Fishes. The Journal of General Physiology.]()
3. [Finucci et al. (2021). Tetronarce nobiliana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T116861529A116861706.]()
*Published August 31, 2026. Last updated September 14, 2026.*
```json
{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "Article",
"@id": "https://animaltracks.wiki/animals/torpedo-ray/#article",
"isPartOf": {
"@id": "https://animaltracks.wiki/#website"
},
"headline": "Great Torpedo Ray (Tetronarce nobiliana) | AnimalTracks.wiki",
"description": "170-to-220-volt shocks from a honeycomb of barely visible electric organs, and jaws that stretch to swallow surprisingly big fish.",
"image": [
"https://animaltracks.wiki/images/animals/torpedo-ray-1.webp"
],
"datePublished": "2026-08-31",
"dateModified": "2026-09-14",
"author": [
{
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "AnimalTracks.wiki Editorial Team",
"url": "https://animaltracks.wiki"
}
],
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"@id": "https://animaltracks.wiki/#organization",
"name": "AnimalTracks.wiki",
"url": "https://animaltracks.wiki",
"logo": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https://animaltracks.wiki/icon-512.png"
}
},
"mainEntityOfPage": "https://animaltracks.wiki/animals/torpedo-ray/",
"citation": [
{
"@type": "CreativeWork",
"name": "Atlantic Torpedo",
"url": "https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/torpedo-nobiliana/",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Florida Museum of Natural History"
}
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "The Electrophysiology of Electric Organs of Marine Electric Fishes",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.44.4.757",
"author": "Bennett, Wurzel & Grundfest",
"datePublished": "1961",
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "Periodical",
"name": "The Journal of General Physiology"
},
"identifier": "doi:10.1085/jgp.44.4.757"
},
{
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "Tetronarce nobiliana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T116861529A116861706",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-2.rlts.t116861529a116861706.en",
"author": "Finucci et al.",
"datePublished": "2021",
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "Periodical",
"name": "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
},
"identifier": "doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-2.rlts.t116861529a116861706.en"
}
],
"about": {
"@type": "Taxon",
"name": "Great Torpedo Ray",
"scientificName": "Tetronarce nobiliana",
"description": "Twin kidney-shaped electric organs that fire 170 to 220 volts, enough to stun or kill a fish and, from a large adult, to disable a person."
}
},
{
"@type": "FAQPage",
"@id": "https://animaltracks.wiki/animals/torpedo-ray/#faq",
"mainEntity": [
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "How strong is a torpedo ray's electric shock?",
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "A large adult great torpedo ray can deliver a jolt of 170 to 220 volts, strong enough to disable a person. The main threat to life is becoming disoriented underwater after being shocked. It is extremely unlikely the charge could stop a human heart.",
"citation": {
"@type": "CreativeWork",
"name": "Atlantic Torpedo",
"url": "https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/torpedo-nobiliana/",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Florida Museum of Natural History"
}
}
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "How does its electric organ actually make electricity?",
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "A study of torpedo rays brought to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1958 and 1959 describes each electric organ as 500 to 1,000 columns of flat cells called electroplaques, stacked like a roll of coins. The voltages of the cells in one column add together, which scientists call series summation, the way batteries do when wired in a row. The maximum peak power the team recorded was about 600 watts per organ.",
"citation": {
"@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
"name": "The Electrophysiology of Electric Organs of Marine Electric Fishes",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.44.4.757",
"author": "Bennett, Wurzel & Grundfest",
"datePublished": "1961",
"isPartOf": {
"@type": "Periodical",
"name": "The Journal of General Physiology"
},
"identifier": "doi:10.1085/jgp.44.4.757"
}
}
},
{
"@type": "Question",
"name": "How did people in ancient Greece and Rome use torpedo rays?",
"acceptedAnswer": {
"@type": "Answer",
"text": "In ancient Greek and Roman times, people used the electrical shock of the great torpedo ray to treat gout, headaches and other ailments.",
"citation": {
"@type": "CreativeWork",
"name": "Atlantic Torpedo",
"url": "https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/torpedo-nobiliana/",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Florida Museum of Natural History"
}
}
}
}
]
},
{
"@type": "MusicRecording",
"name": "Firestarter",
"byArtist": {
"@type": "MusicGroup",
"name": "The Prodigy"
},
"genre": "Big Beat & 90s Acid Techno",
"url": "https://open.spotify.com/track/79CUrU5o2KAVDTNm4x3eGU"
}
]
}
```