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title: "What the sources say about the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog | AnimalTracks.wiki"
description: "43 claims from the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog profile, each beside the words of the source that backs it."
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# What the sources say about the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog (*Oophaga pumilio*)

> 43 claims from the Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog profile, each beside the words of the source that backs it. A "..." marks a cut in a quote and [brackets] an insertion.

Profile: [Strawberry Poison-Dart Frog](https://animaltracks.wiki/animals/strawberry-poison-dart-frog/)

## Oophaga pumilio. Animal Diversity Web.

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Oophaga_pumilio/

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Mostly ants, with mites a significant part | consume mostly ants but mites also make up a significant portion of their diet. (note: stats.diet) |
| The frog eats mostly ants, and mites make up a significant part of its diet. | consume mostly ants but mites also make up a significant portion of their diet. |
| After the eggs hatch, a mother carries each tadpole to a watery hollow in the plants. | When the eggs hatch after 10 to 14 days, the female transports tadpoles from one to four at a time to a watery hollow in the vegetation (often a water-filled bromeliad). One tadpole is deposited in each location |
| The typical frog is bright red with blue legs, but the back can also be blue, yellow, white, green, black or orange. | They are typically bright red with blue legs although they vary greatly in coloration ... the dorsal coloration can vary in color from red to blue, yellow, white, green, black or orange. (note: dorsal = back) |
| At La Selva Biological Station, studies found males defending territories of 0.24 to 4.78 square metres. | At the Organization for Tropical Studies at La Selva Biological Station, studies have shown that male D. pumilio defend a territory of 0.24 to 4.78 m squared |
| It typically lives in rainforest and also in cacao groves. | typically live in rainforest habitats and also live in cacao and banana groves, but not banana plantations. |
| It starts changing into a frog once it reaches 11 mm, and the change takes 6 to 8 weeks. Tadpoles can reach 16 mm in length. | Tadpoles begin metamorphosis after growing to 11 mm in length, and the process takes 6 to 8 weeks to complete. (note: 16 mm has its own claim below) |
| Tadpoles can reach 16 mm in length. | They can reach 16 mm in length. |
| A clutch of 3 to 5 eggs, laid in moist leaf litter. To keep the clutch damp, the male urinates on the eggs every day. | females lay a clutch of 3 to 5 fertilized eggs in moist leaf litter ... To ensure the clutch is moist, a male will urinate on the eggs on a daily basis. (note: 'every day' paraphrases 'on a daily basis') |
| Adults are 17 to 24 mm long | They are small frogs measuring 17 to 24 mm in length at adulthood (note: adult scope for the Nordens Ark length) |
| dangerLevel: Low | There is no negative impact to humans from Dendrbates pumilio . (note: ADW's typo of Dendrobates is in the source) |

## Strawberry Poison Dart Frog. Nordens Ark.

https://en.nordensark.se/animals/amphibians/strawberry-poison-dart-frog/

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| A 2-gram rainforest frog in warning colors, whose poison appears to come from the ants and mites it eats. | The frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators. (note: tagline; the 2 grams, the poison from diet and the ants and mites each have their own claim) |
| A 2-gram | Vikt: 2 gram (note: Swedish: weight 2 grams. Tagline.) |
| advertised in bright color | The frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators. (note: stats.superpower) |
| unfertilized eggs | There, the tadpoles are fed with unfertilized eggs until they develop into frogs. |
| Adults are 17 to 24 mm long and weigh about 2 grams. | Vikt: 2 gram Längd: 17-24 mm (note: Swedish: weight 2 grams, length 17-24 mm) |
| The bright colors work as a warning to predators. | The frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators. |
| Males call to mark a territory. If another male answers and approaches, they often wrestle, and a match can last up to 20 minutes. | They call to mark their territory, and if another male responds and approaches, it often results in a wrestling match that can last up to 20 minutes. |
| These frogs are active by day and usually stay close to the forest floor. | This species is active during the day and usually stays close to the forest floor. |
| They are mostly solitary, and gather to breed. | While mostly solitary, they gather to breed. |
| A strawberry poison-dart frog weighs about 2 grams | Vikt: 2 gram Längd: 17-24 mm (note: vibe.reason; Swedish: weight 2 grams, length 17-24 mm) |
| its bright colors work as a warning to predators | The frog's bright colors act as a warning to predators. (note: vibe.reason) |
| weightKg: 0.002 | Vikt: 2 gram (note: Swedish: weight 2 grams) |

## Stynoski et al. (2014). Evidence of maternal provisioning of alkaloid-based chemical defenses in the strawberry poison frog Oophaga pumilio. Ecology.

https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0927.1

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| She then returns for about six weeks to feed it unfertilized eggs. | mothers transport tadpoles to phytotelmata, and then return to supply them with an obligate diet of nutritive eggs for about six weeks (note: nutritive eggs are unfertilized per Nordens Ark: the tadpoles are fed with unfertilized eggs) |
| Those eggs hold traces of alkaloids | alkaloids were detected as trace quantities in nutritive eggs |
| the researchers suggest this frog may be the first animal known to actively provision its offspring after hatching with chemical defenses | suggesting that this frog may be the first animal known to actively provision post-hatch offspring with chemical defenses (note: 'suggest' matches 'suggesting'; 'after hatching' paraphrases 'post-hatch') |

## Saporito et al. (2007). Oribatid mites as a major dietary source for alkaloids in poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702851104

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| whose poison appears to come from the ants and mites it eats | Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and almost all of these alkaloids appear to be sequestered from dietary arthropods. (note: tagline; ants and mites in the diet are claimed separately) |
| The chemicals are called alkaloids, and they sit in glands in the frog's skin. | Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation |
| Oribatid mites collected in Costa Rica and Panama held about 80 alkaloids, and 41 of them also occur in this frog. | approximately 80 alkaloids from extracts of oribatid mites collected throughout Costa Rica and Panama ... Forty-one of these alkaloids also occur in the dendrobatid poison frog, Oophaga pumilio (note: 41 is the quote's 'Forty-one') |

## Saporito et al. (2004). Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402365101

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Formicine ants of two genera carry pumiliotoxins, which are major alkaloids in this frog, and those ants turned up in the stomach contents of the frogs. | pumiliotoxins in formicine ants of the genera Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina, as well as the presence of these ants in the stomach contents of the microsympatric pumiliotoxin-containing dendrobatid frog, Dendrobates pumilio. These pumiliotoxins are major alkaloids in D. pumilio (note: Dendrobates pumilio is the former name of Oophaga pumilio; the two genera are Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina) |
| Ants are a source too. | Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina ants now represent the only known dietary sources of these toxic alkaloids (note: the pumiliotoxins; 'only known' was true in 2004, and mites were later shown to carry pumiliotoxins too (saporito-2007), so the page says only that ants are a source) |

## Hovey et al. (2018). Sequestered Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio Provide Variable Protection from Microbial Pathogens. Journal of Chemical Ecology.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-0930-8

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Poison collected from its diet | Most amphibians produce their own defensive chemicals; however, poison frogs sequester their alkaloid-based defenses from dietary arthropods. (note: stats.superpower) |
| Most amphibians make their own defensive chemicals. Poison frogs collect theirs from what they eat. | Most amphibians produce their own defensive chemicals; however, poison frogs sequester their alkaloid-based defenses from dietary arthropods. |
| The strawberry poison-dart frog, Oophaga pumilio, is one of them. | Sequestered Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio (note: the paper's title: its alkaloids are sequestered) |

## Dreher, Cummings & Pröhl (2015). An Analysis of Predator Selection to Affect Aposematic Coloration in a Poison Frog Species. PLOS ONE.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130571

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| The species has more than 15 distinct color morphs, mostly separated by geography. | skin coloration and patterning is highly diverse among populations, comprising more than 15 distinct, mostly geographically separated, color morphs |
| Most of them live on the islands and nearby mainland of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago in Panama. | Most color morphs are located at the islands and adjacent mainland of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago in Panama |

## Maan & Cummings (2008). Female preferences for aposematic signal components in a polymorphic poison frog. Evolution.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00454.x

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| In tests across several populations, the results pointed to a male's back color as the most important factor in what females preferred. | We studied female preferences for different components of aposematic coloration in the polymorphic poison frog Oophaga pumilio across several phenotypically distinct populations. ... Results indicate that male dorsal color is the most important determiner of female preferences. |
| Color matters to the frogs too. | Results indicate that male dorsal color is the most important determiner of female preferences. (note: lead-in to the next sentence) |

## Rogers et al.. Genomic takeover by transposable elements in the Strawberry poison frog. Molecular Biology and Evolution.

https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy185

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Lowland forests on the Caribbean side of Central America, from Nicaragua to Panama | This small, terrestrial frog is found in lowland forests along the Caribbean side of Central America from Nicaragua to Panama. (note: stats.habitat) |
| The frog is found in lowland forests along the Caribbean side of Central America, from Nicaragua to Panama. | This small, terrestrial frog is found in lowland forests along the Caribbean side of Central America from Nicaragua to Panama. |

## Oophaga pumilio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T55196A3025630.

https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2015-4.rlts.t55196a3025630.en

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Least Concern | IUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC). (note: stats.conservationStatus; assessed 2014, category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List) |
| The IUCN Red List rates it Least Concern. | IUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC). (note: category read through GBIF's copy of the Red List) |
| The IUCN Red List lists it as Least Concern, in an assessment published in 2015. | IUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC). (note: 2015 is the publication year in the assessment's DOI and title) |