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title: "What the sources say about the Eastern Brown Snake | AnimalTracks.wiki"
description: "51 claims from the Eastern Brown Snake profile, each beside the words of the source that backs it."
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# What the sources say about the Eastern Brown Snake (*Pseudonaja textilis*)

> 51 claims from the Eastern Brown Snake profile, each beside the words of the source that backs it. A "..." marks a cut in a quote and [brackets] an insertion.

Profile: [Eastern Brown Snake](https://animaltracks.wiki/animals/eastern-brown-snake/)

## Eastern Brown Snake. Australian Museum.

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/reptiles/eastern-brown-snake/

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Seems to prefer open woodland, scrub and savannah grassland across eastern Australia | they seem to prefer open landscapes such as woodlands, scrublands, and savannah grasslands (note: stats.habitat) |
| is frequently encountered on the edges of many large towns and cities | is also frequently encountered on the suburban periphery of many large towns and cities (note: stats.habitat) |
| Frogs, reptiles and their eggs, birds and mammals, especially introduced rats and mice | Eastern Brown Snakes eat a variety of vertebrates, including frogs, reptiles and reptile eggs, birds and mammals, particularly introduced rats and mice (note: stats.diet) |
| The Australian Museum says it contains powerful presynaptic neurotoxins | The venom contains powerful presynaptic neurotoxins, procoagulants, cardiotoxins and nephrotoxins |
| Successful envenomation can result in progressive paralysis and uncontrollable bleeding | successful envenomation can result in progressive paralysis and uncontrollable bleeding |
| Yet compared with other elapids its size, the fangs are quite small, around 3 mm, and the average venom yield is around 4 mg, although the record was 67 mg | Relative to other similar-sized elapids the fangs of the Eastern Brown are quite small (around 3mm), as is the average venom yield (around 4mg, although the record venom yield was 67mg) |
| Eastern browns average around 1.5 m in total length | Average around 1.5m (total length) |
| The largest specimen reliably measured was 2,013 mm. | The largest specimen reliably measured and recorded had a total length of 6 feet, 7 1/4 inches (= 2013 mm) |
| The life span of wild Eastern Browns is unknown, but they have been recorded living as long as 7 years in captivity | The life span of wild Eastern Browns is unknown, however they have been recorded to live as long as 7 years in captivity |
| widespread throughout eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to South Australia, with isolated populations in central and western Northern Territory | widespread throughout eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to South Australia, with isolated population occurring in central and western Northern Territory |
| It can be found across a wide range of habitats, excluding rainforest and alpine regions | can be found across a wide range of habitats (excluding rainforest and alpine regions) |
| but it seems to prefer open woodland, scrub and savannah grassland | they seem to prefer open landscapes such as woodlands, scrublands, and savannah grasslands (note: stats.habitat) |
| Farming has been a boon, and their numbers have proliferated thanks to the ready supply of rodents that followed | has proved a boon for the Eastern Brown Snake, and their numbers have proliferated thanks to the ready supply of rodents that followed |
| Brown snakes hunt by actively looking for prey and searching in likely hiding places | Brown snakes hunt by actively looking for prey and searching in likely hiding places |
| They have good eyesight, and once prey is detected they will give chase | They have good eyesight and once prey is detected they will give chase |
| They subdue it using both venom and constriction | subdue the prey using both venom and constriction |
| The menu includes frogs, reptiles and reptile eggs, birds and mammals, particularly introduced rats and mice | Eastern Brown Snakes eat a variety of vertebrates, including frogs, reptiles and reptile eggs, birds and mammals, particularly introduced rats and mice (note: stats.diet) |
| Larger snakes tend to eat more warm-blooded prey | larger snakes tend to consume more warm-blooded prey |
| In its strong threat display, the snake raises the front of its body well off the ground in an s-shaped coil, mouth slightly open, ready to strike | If issuing a strong threat, the snake raises the anterior part of the body well off the ground in an s-shaped coil and with the mouth slightly open, ready to strike |
| Both of its displays spread the neck | The common feature of both displays is the spreading of the neck |
| In captive trials, strike speeds ranged 0.25 to 1.80 metres per second, with a mean of 1.11 | Observations in captivity have shown that for strikes in general, no matter what the posture, there was no correlation between strike speed and ambient temperature (18º-36 C), body mass or sex. Strike speeds ranged 0.25-1.80 m/sec (mean = 1.11 m/sec; n = 48) |
| Speed did not correlate with temperature, which is unexpected in an ectotherm | The lack of correlation between strike speed and temperature is unexpected in an ectotherm |
| If approached over a distance, they will usually flee or stay still | if approached over a distance, they will usually choose to flee or else remain stationary |
| They appear to be immune to the venom of the mulga snake, a would-be predator | They appear to have immunity to the venom of a would-be predator, the Mulga Snake |
| they rapidly die from eating cane toads | they are not so fortunate with the effects of cane toad venom and rapidly die from ingesting them |
| The Australian Museum says the species causes more deaths from snake bite than any other snake in Australia | This species has the unfortunate distinction of causing more deaths from snake bite than any other species of snake in Australia |
| There is some suggestion that northern snakes are larger than southern ones | There is some suggestion that snakes in the northern part of the range are larger than those in the southern part (note: FAQ 1) |
| A clutch can hold up to 25 eggs, with 15 the average | Females can lay up to 25 eggs (15 on average) in a clutch (note: FAQ 4) |
| about 36 days at 30 degrees C, and as long as 95 days at 25 degrees C | the eggs may take from 36 days (30ºC) to 95 days (25ºC) to hatch (note: FAQ 4) |
| Small fangs for an elapid its size, a modest average dose | Relative to other similar-sized elapids the fangs of the Eastern Brown are quite small (around 3mm), as is the average venom yield (note: tagline) |
| its largest specimen reliably measured and recorded reached 2,013 mm | The largest specimen reliably measured and recorded had a total length of 6 feet, 7 1/4 inches (= 2013 mm) (note: FAQ 1) |
| The Australian Museum puts the average at around 1.5 metres in total length | Average around 1.5m (total length) (note: FAQ 1) |
| Compared with other elapids of similar size, its fangs (about 3 mm) and its average venom yield (about 4 mg) are both quite small | Relative to other similar-sized elapids the fangs of the Eastern Brown are quite small (around 3mm), as is the average venom yield (around 4mg (note: FAQ 2) |
| though one snake once gave 67 mg | the record venom yield was 67mg (note: FAQ 2) |
| Clearing land for farms proved a boon: their numbers have proliferated on the ready supply of rodents that followed | Broad-scale clearing of land for agriculture, while disastrous for many native creatures, has proved a boon for the Eastern Brown Snake, and their numbers have proliferated thanks to the ready supply of rodents that followed (note: FAQ 3) |
| The Australian Museum says they are also frequently encountered on the suburban periphery of many large towns and cities | is also frequently encountered on the suburban periphery of many large towns and cities (note: FAQ 3) |
| What it lacks in venom delivery it makes up for in potency | what the snake lacks in venom delivery it makes up for in potency (note: FAQ 2) |
| Two kinds of threat | the Eastern Brown displays one of two forms of threat (note: heading) |
| Not on average, for a snake its size | Relative to other similar-sized elapids the fangs of the Eastern Brown are quite small (around 3mm), as is the average venom yield (note: FAQ 2) |
| Fangs of around 3 mm and an average dose of about 4 mg | Relative to other similar-sized elapids the fangs of the Eastern Brown are quite small (around 3mm), as is the average venom yield (around 4mg (note: vibe.reason) |

## Tallowin et al. (2018). Pseudonaja textilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T42493315A42493324.

https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-1.rlts.t42493315a42493324.en

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| Least Concern | IUCN Red List category: Least Concern (LC). (note: stats.conservationStatus; GBIF's copy of the Red List, checked against taxon id 42493315.) |

## Lechtenberg et al. (2013). Crystal structure of the prothrombinase complex from the venom of Pseudonaja textilis. Blood.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-06-511733

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| A ready-made clotting engine, pseutarin C, preassembled in the venom gland | Pseutarin C is an intrinsically stable prothrombinase complex preassembled in the venom gland (note: stats.superpower) |
| it sits preassembled in the snake's venom gland | Pseutarin C is an intrinsically stable prothrombinase complex preassembled in the venom gland |
| calls this kind of complex the molecular engine of blood coagulation | the architecture and mechanism of the prothrombinase complex-the molecular engine of blood coagulation |
| Pseutarin C is a prothrombinase complex (a pair of proteins that together convert prothrombin to thrombin) | The prothrombinase complex, composed of the protease factor (f)Xa and cofactor fVa, efficiently converts prothrombin to thrombin (note: body; prothrombinase complex named in abstract) |
| Pseutarin C is a prothrombinase complex | Pseutarin C is an intrinsically stable prothrombinase complex |

## Birrell et al. (2006). Molecular Diversity in Venom from the Australian Brown Snake, Pseudonaja textilis. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m500270-mcp200

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| A proteomic study called the venom the second most toxic snake venom known | is the second most toxic snake venom known |
| and the second most toxic snake venom known | is the second most toxic snake venom known (note: tagline) |
| the second most toxic snake venom known | is the second most toxic snake venom known (note: vibe.reason) |

## Rao & Kini (2002). Pseutarin C, a Prothrombin Activator from Pseudonaja textilis Venom: Its Structural and Functional Similarity to Mammalian Coagulation Factor Xa-Va Complex. Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1613264

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| The venom's clotting protein pseutarin C is the first venom procoagulant protein that is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian factor Xa-Va complex. | pseutarin C is the first venom procoagulant protein that is structurally and functionally similar to mammalian factor Xa-Va complex |

## Whitaker (1999). Behavioural ecology of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis, and implications for human envenomation. PhD thesis, University of Sydney.

https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27697

| The page says | The source says |
| :--- | :--- |
| weightKg: 0.444 | mean mass 444 g, range 152 - 685 g (note: 12 adult radio-tracked brownsnakes (5 males, 7 females, mean SVL 1.18 m); scope is that sample, so the figure is a typical adult, not a species mean. Retires the Medium name guess (10 to 100 kg).) |